Fraud

=== Criminal law ===

In common law jurisdictions, as a criminal offense, fraud takes many different forms, some general (e.g., theft by false pretense) and some specific to particular categories of victims or misconduct (e.g., [[bank fraud]], [[insurance fraud]], [[forgery]]). The elements of fraud as a crime similarly vary. The requisite elements of perhaps the most general form of criminal fraud, theft by false pretense, are the intentional deception of a victim by false representation or pretense with the intent of persuading the victim to part with property and with the victim parting with property in reliance on the representation or pretense and with the perpetrator intending to keep the property from the victim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justia.com/criminal/docs/calcrim/1800/1804.html |title=California Criminal Jury Instructions: 1804. Theft By False Pretense |publisher=Judicial Council of California |access-date=27 December 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228103050/http://www.justia.com/criminal/docs/calcrim/1800/1804.html |url-status=live }}</ref>