Czech Republic

=== Prehistory ===
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| alt1              = Ceramic sculpture
| image2            = The stone head of a Celt.jpg
| alt2              = Stone Sculpture
| footer            = '''Left''': [[Venus of Dolní Věstonice]] dated to 29,000–25,000 [[Common Era|BCE]].<br />'''Right''': the [[Mšecké Žehrovice Head|stone head of a Celt]] is among the archaeological collections of the [[National Museum (Prague)|National Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muzeum3000.nm.cz/national-museum-news/top-items-–-head-of-a-celt|title=Top items – Head of a Celt|website=Muzeum 3000}}</ref>
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Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the [[Paleolithic]] era.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In the [[Classical antiquity|classical era]], as a result of the 3rd century BC [[Celts|Celtic]] migrations, Bohemia became associated with the [[Boii]].<ref name="Rankin2002">{{cite book|first=David|last=Rankin|title=Celts and the Classical World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-74722-1|page=16}}</ref> The Boii founded an [[oppidum]] near the site of modern Prague.<ref name="(Firm)1997">{{cite book|author=Kartografie Praha (Firm)|title=Praha, plán města|year=1997|publisher=Kartografie Praha|isbn=978-80-7011-468-1|page=17}}</ref> Later in the 1st century, the Germanic tribes of the [[Marcomanni]] and [[Quadi]] settled there.<ref name="Salvia2007">{{cite book|author=Vasco La Salvia|title=Iron Making During the Migration Period: The Case of the Lombards|year=2007|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=978-1-4073-0159-4|page=43}}</ref>

[[Slavs]] from the [[Black Sea]]–[[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian]] region settled in the area (their migration was pushed by an invasion of peoples from [[Siberia]] and Eastern Europe into their area:<ref name="Agnew2004">{{cite book|author=Hugh LeCaine Agnew|title=The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db76shTEM60C&pg=PT37|year=2004|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=978-0-8179-4492-6|page=37}}</ref> [[Huns]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Bulgars]] and [[Hungarians|Magyars]]).<ref name="HahnNadel2014"/> In the sixth century, the Huns had moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present-day Austria and Germany.<ref name="HahnNadel2014">{{cite book|first1=Sylvia|last1=Hahn|first2=Stanley|last2=Nadel|title=Asian Migrants in Europe: Transcultural Connections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zwq9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|year=2014|publisher=V&R unipress GmbH|isbn=978-3-8471-0254-0|pages=7–8}}</ref>

During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant [[Samo]], supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]],<ref name="BartlŠkvarna2002">{{cite book|first1=Július|last1=Bartl|first2=Dušan|last2=Škvarna|title=Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3orG2yZ9mBkC&pg=PA18|year=2002|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers|isbn=978-0-86516-444-4|page=18}}</ref> became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, [[Samo's Empire]]. The principality of [[Great Moravia]], controlled by [[Moymirid dynasty|Moymir dynasty]], arose in the 8th century.<ref name="Champion2005">{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Champion|title=Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ2IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80679-9|page=233}}</ref> It reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]]), holding off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, with a role being played by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] mission of [[Cyril and Methodius]]. They codified the [[Old Church Slavonic]] language, the first literary and liturgical language of the [[Slavs]], and the [[Glagolitic script]].<ref name="BenedettoDuke2008">{{cite book|first1=Robert|last1=Benedetto|first2=James O.|last2=Duke|title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA474|year=2008|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22416-5|page=474}}</ref>
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