Communication studies

=== Foundations of the academic discipline ===
The institutionalization of communication studies in U.S. higher education and research has often been traced to [[Columbia University]], the [[University of Chicago]], and the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]], where early pioneers of the field worked after the [[Second World War]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">William F. Eadie, "Communication as an Academic Field: USA and Canada", in International Encyclopedia of Communication, ed. Wolfgang Donsbach, Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.</ref><ref name="obit2" />

[[Wilbur Schramm]] is considered the founder of the field of communication studies in the United States.<ref name="obit2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/01/obituaries/wilbur-schramm-wrote-many-works-on-communications.html|title=Wilbur Schramm; Wrote Many Works On Communications|date=1 January 1988|work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928045025/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/01/obituaries/wilbur-schramm-wrote-many-works-on-communications.html |archive-date= Sep 28, 2022 }}</ref> Schramm was hugely influential in establishing communication as a field of study and in forming departments of communication studies across universities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Handbook of Communication History|last=Simonson|first=Peter|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0415892599|location=New York}}</ref> He was the first individual to identify himself as a communication scholar; he created the first academic degree-granting programs with communication in their name; and he trained the first generation of communication scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anany |first1=Emile G. Mc |title=Wilbur Schramm, 1907-1987: Roots of the past, Seeds of the Present |journal=Journal of Communication |date=1 December 1988 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=109–122 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1988.tb02073.x }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Everett M. |title=The department of communication at Michigan state university as a seed institution for communication study |journal=Communication Studies |date=1 September 2001 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=234–248 |doi=10.1080/10510970109388556 |s2cid=142732423 }}</ref> Schramm had a background in English literature and developed communication studies partly by merging existing programs in speech communication, rhetoric, and journalism. He also edited a textbook ''The Process and Effects of Mass Communication'' (1954) that helped define the field, partly by claiming [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Harold Lasswell]], [[Carl Hovland]], and [[Kurt Lewin]] as its founding forefathers.<ref name="obit2" />

Schramm established three important communication institutes: the [[UIUC College of Media|Institute of Communications Research]] (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the Institute for Communication Research ([[Stanford University]]), and the [[East–West Center|East-West]] Communication Institute ([[Honolulu]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Danielson|first=Wayne|date=1997|title=The Beginnings of Communication Study in America: A Personal Memoir|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|volume=73|issue=4|pages=890–910}}</ref> The patterns of scholarly work in communication studies that were set in motion at these institutes continue to this day.<ref name="The Free Press2">{{cite book|title=A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach|last1=Rogers|first1=Everett|date=1994|publisher=The Free Press|location=NY|page=29}}</ref> Many of Schramm's students, such as [[Everett Rogers]] and [[David Berlo]] went on to make important contributions of their own.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Diffusion of innovations|last=Rogers, Everett M.|date=2003|publisher=Free Press|isbn=0-7432-2209-1|edition=5th|location=New York|oclc=52030797|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/diffusionofinnov00roge}}</ref>

The first college of communication was founded at [[Michigan State University]] in 1958, led by scholars from Schramm's original [[UIUC College of Media|ICR]] and dedicated to studying communication scientifically using a quantitative approach.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-03-16-9603160107-story.html|title=David Kenneth Berlo |website=Chicago Tribune |date=16 March 1996 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-02 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181004171122/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-03-16-9603160107-story.html |archive-date= Oct 4, 2018 }}</ref> MSU was soon followed by important departments of communication at [[Purdue University]], [[University of Texas-Austin]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of Iowa]], [[University of Illinois]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[The University of Southern California]], and [[Northwestern University]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ely|first=Donald|date=1960|title=The Communications School: Neophyte in Higher Education|journal=Audio Visual Communication Review|volume=8|issue=5|pages=20–27|doi=10.1007/BF02719714 |s2cid=59735392 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref name=":6">Simonson, Peter; Peters, John Durham (2008-06-05), "Communication and Media Studies, History to 1968", ''The International Encyclopedia of Communication'', John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8640-7}}, retrieved 2019-12-02</ref>

Associations related to Communication Studies were founded or expanded during the 1950s. The National Society for the Study of Communication (NSSC) was founded in 1950 to encourage scholars to pursue communication research as a social science.<ref name=":4" /> This Association launched the [[Journal of Communication]] in the same year as its founding. Like many communication associations founded around this decade, the name of the association changed with the field. In 1968 the name changed to the [[International Communication Association]] (ICA).<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The history of speech communication : the emergence of a discipline, 1914-1945|last=Cohen|first=Herman|date=1995|publisher=Speech Communication Association|isbn=0-944811-14-0|location=Annandale, Va|oclc=667177896}}</ref>