Cigarette Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===United States=== One entrepreneur who was quick to spot the advantages of machine-made cigarettes was [[James Buchanan Duke]]. Previously a producer of smoking tobacco only, his firm, W. Duke & Sons & Co., entered the cigarette industry in the early 1880s. After installing two Bonsack machines, Duke spent heavily on advertising and sales promotion with the result that by 1889 his was the largest cigarette manufacturer in the country. The new Bonsack machines were of decisive importance in rapid, cheap manufacture of all tobacco products but one. Cigars needed slow, laborious hand rolling and were produced in hundreds of small workshops, especially in New York City. In 1890 Duke and the other four major cigarette companies combined to form the [[American Tobacco Company]], a firm that dominated the market and used aggressive tactics on hundreds of small competitors until they sold out. It was called the "Tobacco Trust." The trust soon expanded its operations to include cigars, smoking, chewing tobacco and snuff. Among the companies drawn into this organization were plug manufacturers, [[Liggett & Myers]] and [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]], which at the time produced twist and flat plug, and [[Lorillard Tobacco Company|P. Lorillard]], an old-line manufacturer of snuff. By 1910 the trust produced 86% of all cigarettes produced in the United States, and 75% to 95% of other forms, but only 14% of the cigars.<ref>Richard B. Tennant, "The Cigarette Industry" in ''The Structure of American Industry,'' edited by Walter Adams (1961) pp 357-392, at pp 358-362.</ref> At the start of the 20th century, the ''per capita'' annual consumption in the U.S. was 54 cigarettes (with fewer than 0.5% of the population smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year), and consumption there peaked at 4,259 per capita in 1965. At that time, about 50% of men and 33% of women smoked (defined as smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Tobacco Use, United States 1990-1999 |journal=Oncology (Williston Park) |volume=13 |issue=12 |date=December 1999}}</ref> By 2000, consumption had fallen to 2,092 per capita, corresponding to about 30% of men and 22% of women smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year, and by 2006 per capita consumption had declined to 1,691;<ref>Tobacco Outlook Report, Economic Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture</ref> implying that about 21% of the population smoked 100 cigarettes or more per year. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page