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Switch editorYou have switched to source editingCloseYou can switch back to visual editing at any time by clicking on this icon.Visual editingSource editingMorePreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text====Posttraumatic stress disorder==== {{Main|Dissociation (psychology)|Posttraumatic stress disorder}} [[Child abuse]], including sexual abuse, especially chronic abuse starting at early ages, has been found to be related to the development of high levels of dissociative symptoms, which includes amnesia for abuse memories.<ref name=chu>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chu JA, Frey LM, Ganzel BL, Matthews JA |title=Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=156 |issue=5 |pages=749–55 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10327909 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10327909 |doi=10.1176/ajp.156.5.749|s2cid=24262943 }}</ref> When severe sexual abuse (penetration, several perpetrators, lasting more than one year) had occurred, dissociative symptoms were even more prominent.<ref name=draijer>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Draijer N, Langeland W |title=Childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction in the etiology of dissociative symptoms in psychiatric inpatients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1999-03_156_3/page/379 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=379–85 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10080552 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.018|s2cid=14670794 }}</ref> Recent research showed that females with high exposure to child sexual abuse (CSA) develop PTSD symptoms that are associated with poor social functioning, which is also supported by prior research studies.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McLean | first1 = CP | last2 = Rosenbach | first2 = SB | last3 = Capaldi | first3 = S | last4 = Foa | first4 = EB | year = 2013 | title = Social and academic functioning in adolescents with child sexual abuse-related PTSD | journal = Child Abuse & Neglect | volume = 37 | issue = 9| pages = 675–678 | doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.010 | pmid = 23623621 | pmc = 3740087 }}</ref> The feeling of being "cut-off" from peers and "emotional numbness" are both results of CSA and highly inhibit proper social functioning. Furthermore, PTSD is associated with higher risk of substance abuse as a result of the "self-medication hypothesis" and the "high-risk and susceptibility hypothesis".<ref name="auto">{{cite journal | last1 = Schiff | first1 = M | last2 = Nacasch | first2 = N | last3 = Levit | first3 = S | last4 = Katz | first4 = N | last5 = Foa | first5 = EB | year = 2015 | title = Prolonged exposure for treating PTSD among female methadone patients who were survivors of sexual abuse in Israel | journal = Social Work & Health Care | volume = 54 | issue = 8| pages = 687–707 | doi = 10.1080/00981389.2015.1058311 | pmid = 26399489 | s2cid = 9288531 }}</ref> Besides [[dissociative identity disorder]] (DID), [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD), and [[complex post-traumatic stress disorder]] (C-PTSD), child sexual abuse survivors may present [[borderline personality disorder]] (BPD) and eating disorders such as [[bulimia nervosa]].<ref name="Honor2010">{{Cite journal|author=Hornor, G. |title=Child sexual abuse: Consequences and implications |journal=Journal of Pediatric Health Care |volume=24|issue=6 |pages=358–364 |year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.07.003|pmid=20971410}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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