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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text=== 1920s through 1960s === {{See also|Jews in the civil rights movement}} The historian Leonard Dinnerstein writes that until after World War II, the ADL had limited impact, particularly less than the [[American Jewish Committee]] (AJC).<ref name=":11" /> One of the ADL's early campaigns occurred in the 1920s when it organized a media effort and consumer boycott against ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]'', a publication published by American automobile industrialist [[Henry Ford]]. The publication contained virulently antisemitic articles and quoted heavily from ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an antisemitic hoax. The ADL and allied organizations pressured Ford until he issued an apology in 1927.<ref name="Blakeslee">Blakeslee, Spencer (2000).''The Death of American Antisemitism''. Praeger/Greenwood. {{ISBN|0-275-96508-2}}, p. 83.</ref> In 1933 the ADL moved offices to Chicago and Richard E. Gutstadt became director of national activities. With the change in leadership, the ADL shifted from Livingston's reactive responses to antisemitic action to a much more aggressive policy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Goldman |first1=EricQ |title=Hollywood's Most Misunderstood and Forgotten Jewish Movie Returns |url=https://forward.com/culture/206197/hollywoods-most-misunderstood-and-forgotten-jewish/ |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=The Forward |date=September 23, 2014}}</ref> During the 1930s, ADL, along with the AJC, coordinated American Jewish groups across the country in monitoring the activities of the [[German American Bund|German-American Bund]] and its pro-Nazi, nativist allies in the United States. In many instances, these community-based defense organizations paid informants to infiltrate these groups and report on what they discovered. The longest-lived and most effective of these American Jewish resistance organizations was the Los Angeles Jewish Community Committee (LAJCC), which was backed financially by the Jewish leaders of the motion picture industry. The day-to-day operations of the LAJCC were supervised by a Jewish attorney, [[Leon L. Lewis]]. Lewis was uniquely qualified to combat the rise of Nazism in Los Angeles, having served as the first national secretary of the Anti-Defamation League in Chicago from 1925 to 1931. From 1934 to 1941, the LAJCC maintained its undercover surveillance of the German-American Bund, the [[Silver Legion of America|Silver Shirts]] and dozens of other pro-Nazi, nativist groups that operated in Los Angeles. Partnering with the American Legion in Los Angeles, the LAJCC channeled eyewitness accounts of sedition on to federal authorities. Working with the ADL, Leon Lewis and the LAJCC played a strategic role in counseling the [[McCormack-Dickstein Committee]] investigation of Nazi propaganda activities in the United States (1934) and the Dies Committee investigation of "un-American activities" (1938–1940). In their final reports to Congress, both committees found that the sudden rise in political [[antisemitism in the United States]] during the decade was due, in part, to the German government's support of these domestic groups.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosenzweig|first=Laura|url=https://nyupress.org/books/9781479855179/|title=Hollywood's Spies: The Undercover Surveillance of Nazis in Los Angeles|date=2017|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9781479855179|location=New York|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807022703/https://nyupress.org/books/9781479855179/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Steven|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/hitler-in-los-angeles-9781620405642/|title=Hitler in Los Angeles: How Jews Foiled Nazi Plots Against Hollywood and America|date=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=9781620405642|location=New York|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-date=September 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921215252/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/hitler-in-los-angeles-9781620405642/|url-status=live}}</ref> Paralleling its infiltration efforts, the ADL continued its attempts to reduce antisemitic caricatures in the media. Much like the [[NAACP]], it chose a non-confrontational approach, attempting to build long-lasting relationships and avoid backlash. The ADL requested its members avoid public confrontation, instead directing them to send letters to the media and advertising companies that included antisemitic or racist references in screening copies of their books and movies. This strategy kept the campaigns out of the public eye and instead emphasized the development of a relationship with companies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenberg |first1=Cheryl Lynn |title=Troubling the waters : Black-Jewish relations in the American century |date=2006 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=9780691058658 |pages=55–58}}</ref> The ADL opposed [[red-baiting]] and [[McCarthyism]] in the 1950s.<ref name=":18" /> The ADL campaigned for [[Civil rights movement|civil rights]] legislation including the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Golembeski |first=Cynthia |date=2023-06-25 |title=Anti-Defamation League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anti-Defamation-League |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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