Advaita Vedanta

===Advaita Vedanta===
While "a preferred terminology" for Upanisadic philosophy "in the early periods, before the time of Shankara" was ''Puruṣavāda'',{{sfn|Timalsina|2017}}{{refn|group=note|name="Puruṣavāda"|See also [[Purusha]].}} the Advaita Vedānta school has historically been referred to by various names, such as ''Advaita-vada'' (speaker of Advaita), ''Abheda-darshana'' (view of non-difference), ''Dvaita-vada-pratisedha'' (denial of dual distinctions), and ''Kevala-dvaita'' (non-dualism of the isolated).{{sfn|King|1995|p=268 with note 2}} It is also called ''māyāvāda'' by Vaishnava opponents, akin to [[Madhyamaka]] [[Buddhism]], due to their insistence that phenomena ultimately lack an inherent essence or reality,{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=78}}{{sfn|Lorenzen|2015}}{{sfn|Baird|1986}}{{sfn|Goswami Abhay Charan Bhaktivedanta|1956}}

According to Richard King, a professor of Buddhist and Asian studies, the term ''Advaita'' first occurs in a recognizably Vedantic context in the prose of [[Mandukya Upanishad]].{{sfn|King|1995|p=268 with note 2}} 

According to [[Frits Staal]], a professor of philosophy specializing in Sanskrit and Vedic studies, the word ''Advaita'' itself is from the Vedic era, and the Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]] (8th or 7th-century BCE{{sfn|Scharfstein|1998|p=9–11}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxxvi with footnote 20}}) is credited to be the one who coined it.{{sfn|Staal|2008|p=365 note 159}} Stephen Phillips, a professor of philosophy and Asian studies, translates the ''Advaita'' containing verse excerpt in ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'', as "An ocean, a single seer without duality becomes he whose world is Brahman."{{refn|group=note|
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
सलिले एकस् द्रष्टा '''अद्वैत'''स् भवति एष ब्रह्मलोकस्
सम्राट् ति ह एनम् उवाच अनुशशास याज्ञवल्क्यस्
एषा अस्य परमा गतिस् एषास्य परमा सम्पद्
|attr1=''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] 4.3.32''<ref group=web>Sanskrit: [https://sa.wikisource.org/s/1cl Wikisource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116175559/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_4 |date=16 January 2024 }}, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.3.32</ref>|
An ocean, a single seer '''without duality''' becomes he whose world is Brahman,
O King, Yajnavalkya instructed
This is his supreme way. This is his supreme achievement.
|attr2=Transl: Stephen Phillips{{sfn|Phillips|2009|p=295 note 24}}{{refn|group=note|For an alternate English translation: Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n159/mode/2up The Thirteen Principal Upanishads], BU 4.3.32, Oxford University Press, p. 138.}}}}

A reference to Non-duality is also made in the ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'', within a dialogue between the Vedic sage [[Aruni|Uddalaka Aruni]] and his son Svetaketu, as follows :
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
सदेव सोम्येदमग्र आसीत एकमेवा '''अद्वितीय'''म्
तद्धैक आहुरसदेवेदमग्र आसीदेकमेवाद्वितीयं तस्मादसतः सज्जायत
|attr1=''[[Chandogya Upanishad]] 6.2.1''<ref group=web>Sanskrit: [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/chandogya-upanishad-english/d/doc239260.html Wisdomlimb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906220300/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/chandogya-upanishad-english/d/doc239260.html |date=6 September 2022 }}, Chandogya upnishad 6.2.1</ref>|
Somya, before this world was manifest, there was only existence, one '''without duality''' 
On this subject, some maintain that before this world was manifest, there was only non-existence, one without a second. 
Out of that non-existence, existence emerged.
|attr2=[[Chandogya Upanishad]]}}}}