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When Chinese cadres entered Tibet in 1950, with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume the role of head of state at the age of 15, which he did on 17 November 1950. Customarily the Dalai Lama would typically assume control at about the age of 20.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald S. |title=14th Dalai Lama, Tibetan Buddhist monk |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dalai-Lama-14th |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011004521/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dalai-Lama-14th |url-status=live }}</ref> He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the [[Seventeen Point Agreement]] without his authorisation in 1951.<ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp. 812–813.</ref> The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow the Tibetan representatives to communicate with the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Tibetan delegation was not authorised by Lhasa to sign, but ultimately submitted to pressure from the Chinese to sign anyway, using seals specifically made for the purpose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powers |first1=John |title=History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517426-7 |page=113 |doi=10.1093/0195174267.001.0001 |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195174267.001.0001/acprof-9780195174267 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610025745/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195174267.001.0001/acprof-9780195174267 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Seventeen Point Agreement recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed the [[Serfdom in Tibet controversy|system of feudal peasantry]] to persist.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Melvyn C. Goldstein |editor1-last=Rossabi |editor1-first=Morris |title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers |date=2004 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=0-295-98390-6 |pages=193–194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmZhAwAAQBAJ |access-date=17 February 2022 |chapter=Tibet and China in the Twentieth Century |quote=Tibet, it said, had the right to exercise regional autonomy under leadership of the central PRC government. This meant that the CCP allowed the feudal system, with its serflike peasantry, to persist, and it allowed the Dalai Lama's government to continue to rule Tibet internally in accordance with its own language and traditional laws. |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407210042/https://books.google.com/books?id=RmZhAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> <blockquote>"So even if it were agreed that serfdom and feudalism existed in Tibet, this would be little different other than in technicalities from conditions in any other "premodern" peasant society, including most of China at that time. The power of the Chinese argument therefore lies in its implication that serfdom, and with it feudalism, is inseparable from extreme abuse," "based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and [Goldstein] refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse." "Evidence to support this linkage has not been found by scholars other than those close to Chinese governmental circles."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnett |first1=Robert |title=Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |isbn=9780520249288 |pages=81–84 |url=https://info-buddhism.com/Human-Rights-in-Tibet-before-1959_Robert_Barnett.html |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014121/https://info-buddhism.com/Human-Rights-in-Tibet-before-1959_Robert_Barnett.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> The 19-year-old Dalai Lama toured China for almost a year from 1954 to 1955, meeting many of the revolutionary leaders and the top echelon of the Chinese communist leadership who created modern China. He learned Chinese and socialist ideals, as explained by his Chinese hosts, on a tour of China showcasing the benefits of socialism and the effective governance provided to turn the large, impoverished nation into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samphel |first1=Thubten |title=The Dalai Lama's China Experience and Its Impact |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact_b_7068928 |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Huffington Post |date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131131319/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact_b_7068928 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 1954, he went to the Chinese capital to meet [[Chairman Mao Zedong]] with the [[10th Panchen Lama]] and attend the first session of the [[National People's Congress]] as a delegate, primarily discussing [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|China's constitution]].<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 493.</ref><ref>''[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-08/30/content_3422747.htm Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180003/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-08/30/content_3422747.htm|date=13 October 2007}}'', [[Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme]], ''[[China View]]'', 30 August 2005.</ref> On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a [[Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress|Vice-chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] of the National People's Congress,<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 496.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |title=Chairman Mao: Long Live Dalai Lama! |publisher=Voyage.typepad.com |date=21 January 2007 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505143746/http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |archive-date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> a post he officially held until 1964.<ref>[[s:zh:国务院关于撤销达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措职务的决定|《国务院关于撤销达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措职务的决定》]](一九六四年十二月十七日国务院全体会议第一五一次会议通过): "西藏自治区筹备委员会主任委员达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措,一九五九年发动叛国的反革命武装叛乱。在逃往国外以后,组织流亡伪政府,公布伪宪法,支持印度反动派对我国的侵略,并积极组织和训练逃亡国外的残匪骚扰祖国边境。这一切都证明他早已自绝于祖国和人民,是一个死心塌地为帝国主义和外国反动派作走狗的叛国分子。国务院根据西藏地方人民的要求,决定撤销达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措的西藏自治区筹备委员会主任委员和委员的职务。" On 17 December 1964, the 151st meeting of the plenary session of the State Council approved: The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee, launched a treasonous counter-revolutionary armed rebellion in 1959. After fleeing abroad, he organized a pseudo-government in exile, promulgated a pseudo-constitution, supported the Indian reactionaries' aggression against our country, and actively organized and trained bandits who fled abroad to harass the motherland's borders. All this proves that he has terminated himself from the motherland and the people, and he is a traitor who is desperately running for the imperialism and foreign reactionaries. The State Council decided to remove the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso's duties as chairman and member of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee in accordance with the request of the local people in Tibet.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |title = Official: Dalai Lama's U.S. award not to affect Tibet's stability |date = 16 October 2007 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |publisher = [[People's Daily]] |work = [[17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] |archive-date = 30 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111130105921/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |url-status = live }}</ref> {{blockquote|Mao Zedong who, "according to the Tibetan leader, treated him as a 'father would treat a son,'" "also showed Tibet’s political leader and its foremost spiritual master its ambivalence to Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama recounts this episode in his autobiography, ''My Land and My People'', 'A few days later I had a message from Mao Tse-tung to say that he was coming to see me in an hour’s time. When he arrived he said he had merely come to call. Then something made him say that Buddhism was quite a good religion, and Lord Buddha, although he was a prince, had given a good deal of thought to the question of improving the conditions of the people. He also observed that the Goddess Tara was a kind-hearted woman. After a very few minutes, he left. I was quite bewildered by these remarks and did not know what to make of them.' The comments Mao made during their last meeting shocked the Dalai Lama beyond belief. 'My final interview with this remarkable man was toward the end of my visit to China. I was at a meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly when I received a message asking me to go to see him at this house. By then, I had been able to complete a tour of the Chinese provinces, and I was able to tell him truthfully that I had been greatly impressed and interested by all the development projects I had seen. Then he started to give me a long lecture about the true form of democracy, and advised me how to become a leader of the people and how to take heed of their suggestions. And then he edged closer to me on his chair and whispered: 'I understand you very well. But of course, religion is poison. It has two great defects: It undermines the race, and secondly it retards the progress of the country. Tibet and Mongolia have both been poisoned by it.'"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samphel |first1=Thubten |title=The Dalai Lama's China Experience and Its Impact |url=https://tibet.net/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact/ |website=tibet.net |date=16 April 2015 |publisher=Huffington Post |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306151637/https://tibet.net/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his autobiography, ''Freedom In Exile'', the Dalai Lama recalls: "How could he have thought I was not religious to the core of my being?'"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Ed |title=The Dalai Lama: The lost horizons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/may/08/books.guardianreview9 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=7 May 1999 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610025745/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/may/08/books.guardianreview9 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the [[Buddha's Birthday]], the Dalai Lama asked the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], if he would allow him [[political asylum]] should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] stance agreed upon with its [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|1954 treaty with China]].<ref name="bio" /> Long called a "splittist" and "traitor" by China,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=John F. |title=Dalai Lama Finds China's Threats A Subject for Humor and Anxiety |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/06/world/dalai-lama-finds-china-s-threats-a-subject-for-humor-and-anxiety.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=6 March 1996 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173733/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/06/world/dalai-lama-finds-china-s-threats-a-subject-for-humor-and-anxiety.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Pomfret |first2=John |title=Dalai Lama Delays Plan for Formal Talks With China |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/china/stories/dalai111198.htm |access-date=22 October 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=11 November 1998 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022221801/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/china/stories/dalai111198.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martina |first1=Michael |title=U.S. ambassador urges China to talk to the Dalai Lama |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-tibet/us-ambassador-urges-china-to-talk-to-the-dalai-lama-idUSKCN1SW01C |access-date=28 January 2020 |publisher=Reuters |date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128150753/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-tibet/us-ambassador-urges-china-to-talk-to-the-dalai-lama-idUSKCN1SW01C |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blanchard |first1=Ben |title=China says no excuses for foreign officials meeting Dalai Lama |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-tibet/china-says-no-excuses-for-foreign-officials-meeting-dalai-lama-idUSKBN1CQ057 |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Reuters |date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173732/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-tibet/china-says-no-excuses-for-foreign-officials-meeting-dalai-lama-idUSKBN1CQ057 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miglani |first1=Sanjeev |title=Dalai Lama faces cold shoulder as India looks to improve China ties |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/dalai-lama-faces-cold-shoulder-as-india-looks-to-improve-china-ties-idUSKBN1H51O7 |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173733/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/dalai-lama-faces-cold-shoulder-as-india-looks-to-improve-china-ties-idUSKBN1H51O7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stobdan |first1=Phunchok |title=Dalai Lama is at the centre of a new great game in Himalayas between India, China & Tibet |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dalai-lama-at-centre-of-new-great-game-himalaya-india-china-tibet/308985/ |access-date=22 October 2019 |agency=Printline Media |publisher=The Print |date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022140428/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dalai-lama-at-centre-of-new-great-game-himalaya-india-china-tibet/308985/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |title=Obama and Dalai Lama Meet Over China's Objection |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/world/asia/obama-dalai-lama-meeting.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=15 June 2016 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022233610/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/world/asia/obama-dalai-lama-meeting.html |url-status=live }}</ref> China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wee |first1=Sui-Lee |title=China's ban on displaying Dalai Lama pictures is lifted |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-ban-on-displaying-dalai-lama-pictures-is-lifted-8677489.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=27 June 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175235/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-ban-on-displaying-dalai-lama-pictures-is-lifted-8677489.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tenzin |first1=Kunsang |title=Tibetans Beaten, Detained in Kardze Over Dalai Lama Photos |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/photos-07292019165028.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Radio Free Asia |date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017200451/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/photos-07292019165028.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Severe punishments" for Dalai Lama photos |url=https://freetibet.org/news-media/na/severe-punishments-dalai-lama-photos |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Free Tibet |date=3 February 2016 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173744/https://freetibet.org/news-media/na/severe-punishments-dalai-lama-photos |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform, <blockquote>"Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patranobis |first1=Sutirtho |title=Tibetan graduates need to 'expose and criticise Dalai Lama' for Chinese government jobs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tibetan-graduates-need-to-expose-and-criticise-dalai-lama-for-chinese-govt-jobs/story-3DiVaJxfScyPUyibtvIcrK.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020235102/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tibetan-graduates-need-to-expose-and-criticise-dalai-lama-for-chinese-govt-jobs/story-3DiVaJxfScyPUyibtvIcrK.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim "targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perlroth |first1=Nicole |title=Case Based in China Puts a Face on Persistent Hacking |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/technology/hacking-in-asia-is-linked-to-chinese-ex-graduate-student.html |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=29 March 2012 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023055645/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/technology/hacking-in-asia-is-linked-to-chinese-ex-graduate-student.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the [[Munk Center for International Studies]] at the [[University of Toronto]] to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering [[GhostNet]], a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organisations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |title=Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/29spy.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=1 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401224950/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/29spy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |title=Tracking Cyberspies Through the Web Wilderness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/12cyber.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=11 May 2009 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022234433/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/12cyber.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7970471.stm|title=Major cyber spy network uncovered|work=BBC News|date=29 March 2009|access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315213515/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7970471.stm|archive-date=15 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> A second cyberspy network, [[Shadow Network]], was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a year's worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to India, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. "Sophisticated" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Branigan |first1=Tania |title=Cyber-spies based in China target Indian government and Dalai Lama |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/06/cyber-spies-china-target-india |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=6 April 2010 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023055646/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/06/cyber-spies-china-target-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |last2=Barboza |first2=David |title=Researchers Trace Data Theft to Intruders in China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/science/06cyber.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023055654/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/science/06cyber.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese hackers posing as [[The New York Times]], [[Amnesty International]] and other organisation's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, [[Tibetan Parliament]] members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organisations, among others, in 2019.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news |last1=Perlroth |first1=Nicole |last2=Conger |first2=Kate |last3=Mozur |first3=Paul |title=China Sharpens Hacking to Hound Its Minorities, Far and Wide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/technology/china-hackers-ethnic-minorities.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022091003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/technology/china-hackers-ethnic-minorities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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