Taiwan

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Taiwan|Academia Sinica|History of education in Taiwan}}
{{See also|Scholarships in Taiwan|Economy of Taiwan#Science}}
[[File:臺灣大學校門.JPG|thumb|The gate of [[National Taiwan University]], which is widely considered to be the most prestigious university in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 | title=QS World University Rankings – 2023 | publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited | access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>]]
Taiwan is well known for adhering to the Confucian paradigm of valuing education as a means to improve one's socioeconomic position in society.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://journals.openedition.org/ries/3800 | title=A matter of trust: shadow education in Taiwan | author=Prudence Chou, Chuing | journal=[[OpenEdition.org|OpenEdition]] | year=2014| doi=10.4000/ries.3800| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/fears-over-over-education-in-taiwan/news-story/aeae2a2d83898f684fd0ac5aaffd5816 |title=Fears over over-education in Taiwan |date= 3 September 2012 |website=The Australian}}</ref> Heavy investment and a cultural valuing of education has catapulted the resource-poor nation consistently to the top of global education rankings. Taiwan is one of the top-performing countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences. In 2015, Taiwanese students achieved one of the world's best results in mathematics, science and literacy, as tested by the [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] (PISA), with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 493, placing it seventh in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=PISA – Results in Focus |publisher=OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=TWN&treshold=10&topic=PI | title=Chinese Taipei Student performance (PISA 2015) | publisher=OECD | access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/pisa-worldwide-ranking-of-math-science-reading-skills-2016-12 |title=The latest ranking of top countries in math, reading, and science is out – and the US didn't crack the top 10 |last= Kiersz |first=Andy |date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

The Taiwanese education system has been praised for its comparatively high test results and its major role in promoting Taiwan's economic development while creating one of the world's most highly educated workforces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/t03_download/T03_M_Chap1.pdf|title=TIMSS Math 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/t03_download/T03_S_Chap1.pdf| title= TIMSS Science 2003}}</ref> Taiwan has also been praised for its high university entrance rate where the university acceptance rate has increased from around 20 percent before the 1980s to 49 percent in 1996 and over 95 percent since 2008, among the highest in Asia.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/education-in-taiwan-taiwans-colleges-and-universities/ |title=Education in Taiwan: Taiwan's Colleges and Universities |last=Chou |first=Chuing |date=12 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/05/07/taiwan-too-many-college-graduates/26945515/ | title=Taiwan's problem? Too many college graduates, too few machinists | work=USA Today | date=7 May 2015 | access-date=19 August 2019 | author=Wiese, Elizabeth}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/higher-education-crisis-taiwan | title=Higher Education Crisis in Taiwan | website=Inside Higher Ed | date=5 August 2018 | access-date=19 August 2019 | author=Hsueh, Chia-Ming}}</ref> The nation's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce making Taiwan one of the most highly educated countries in the world with 68.5 percent of Taiwanese high school students going on to attend university.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book | title=Patriarchy in East Asia: A Comparative Sociology of Gender | publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | author=Sechiyama, Kaku | year=2013 | page=254 | isbn=978-90-04-23060-6}}</ref> Taiwan has a high percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree where 45 percent of Taiwanese aged 25–64 hold a bachelor's degree or higher compared with the average of 33 percent among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://chinapost.nownews.com/20160313-28397 | title=5 mil. Taiwanese hold degrees from higher education institutions | work=China Post | date=13 March 2016 | access-date=19 August 2019 | archive-date=19 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085831/https://chinapost.nownews.com/20160313-28397 }}</ref>

On the other hand, the education system has been criticized for placing excessive pressure on students while eschewing creativity and producing an excess supply of overeducated university graduates. Many graduates consequently face unemployment or [[underemployment]] due to a lack of graduate-level jobs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/education/university-degrees-mindset-shift-needed |title=University degrees: Mindset shift needed |last=Lee |first=Pearl |publisher=The Straits Times |date=13 April 2015 |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118203426/http://news.asiaone.com/news/education/university-degrees-mindset-shift-needed }}</ref><ref name="auto2" /> Taiwan's universities have also been under criticism for not being able to fully meet the requirements and demands of Taiwan's 21st-century fast-moving labor market, citing a skills mismatch among a large number of self-assessed, overeducated graduates who do not fit the demands of the modern Taiwanese labor market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monitor.icef.com/2016/08/taiwans-higher-education-enrolment-starts-downward-slide/ |title=Taiwan's higher education enrolment starts a downward slide |date=16 August 2016 |website=ICEF Monitor}}</ref> The Taiwanese government has been criticized for failing to adequately address this discrepancy in labor supply and demand.<ref name="auto3" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24156168 |title=The draw of blue collar jobs in Taiwan |last=Sui |first=Cindy |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2013}}</ref>

As the Taiwanese economy is largely science and technology based, the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment. Although current Taiwanese law mandates only nine years of schooling, 95 percent of junior high graduates go on to attend a senior vocational high school, university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite book | title=Taiwan Country: Strategic Information and Developments | publisher=International Business Publications | year=2012 | page=25 | isbn=978-1-4387-7570-8}}</ref> Many Taiwanese students attend [[cram schools#Taiwan|cram schools]], or ''buxiban'', to improve skills and knowledge on problem solving against exams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investintaiwan.nat.gov.tw/en/news/200509/2005090201.html |title=Over 70% of Taiwanese parents send kids to English bushibans |publisher=Invest in Taiwan, Department of Investment Services |date=2 September 2005 |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608050510/http://investintaiwan.nat.gov.tw/en/news/200509/2005090201.html |archive-date = 8 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=C. Smith|first=Douglas|title=Middle education in the Middle Kingdom|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1997|page=119|url={{GBurl|id=NqJP5uE9LewC|p=119}}|isbn=978-0-275-95641-7}}</ref>

Since [[Made in China 2025]] was announced in 2015, aggressive campaigns to recruit Taiwanese chip industry talent to support its mandates resulted in the loss of more than 3,000 chip engineers to mainland China,<ref name=Nikkei/> and raised concerns of a "[[brain drain]]" in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kyng |first1=James |title=Taiwan's brain drain: semiconductor engineers head to China |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6eab0c1c-167f-11ea-9ee4-11f260415385 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6eab0c1c-167f-11ea-9ee4-11f260415385 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=ft.com |publisher=The Financial Times |date=4 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=Nikkei>{{cite news |last1=Ihara |first1=Kensaku |title=Taiwan loses 3,000 chip engineers to 'Made in China 2025' |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/Taiwan-loses-3-000-chip-engineers-to-Made-in-China-2025 |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=nikkei.com |publisher=Nikkei |date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan's 'Godfather of DRAM' leaves China |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4021096 |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=taiwannews.com |date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, the [[literacy rate]] in Taiwan was 99.03 percent.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:國人教育水準 |url=https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=cC3K6vUAfeUlTCcfbr03CQ%3d%3d&d=m9ww9odNZAz2Rc5Ooj%2fwIQ%3d%3d |website=gender.ey.gov.tw |access-date=3 October 2021 |language=zh}}</ref>
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