Philippines

=== Art and architecture ===
{{Main|Arts in the Philippines|Architecture of the Philippines}}
[[File:'Spoliarium' by Juan Luna.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of dying gladiators|[[Juan Luna]]'s ''[[Spoliarium]]'' (1884) at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]]]

Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panizo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Rustia |first2=Erlinda F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC |title=Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics: An Approach to the Humanities |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-1932-7 |date=1969 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC&pg=PA156 156] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="McFerson-2002">{{cite book|editor-last1=McFerson |editor-first1=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA22 22–23] |language=en}}</ref> During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups.<ref name="McFerson-2002" /> Classical paintings were mainly religious;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Hernandez |first1=Eloisa May P. |title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] |access-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421082733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |date=April 15, 2015 |at=A. Painting}}</ref> prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included [[Juan Luna]] and [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo]], whose works drew attention to the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth |author1-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=Jose Rizal in Filipino Literature and History |url=https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |access-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414005130/https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |pages=77–78}}</ref> [[Modernism]] was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by [[Victorio Edades]] and popular [[pastoral]] scenes by [[Fernando Amorsolo]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foster |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJttBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT523 |title=The Rough Guide to the Philippines |last2=Deere |first2=Kiki |date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Rough Guides UK]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-241-01376-2 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:St. Agustine Paoay Church 02.jpg|thumb|alt=Old, mossy church with a lawn in front|The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque [[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]], a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches" />]]
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous {{lang|fil|[[bahay kubo]]}} and the {{lang|fil|[[bahay na bato]]}}, which developed under Spanish rule.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438|name=438–444}}}} Some regions, such as [[Batanes]], differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Yu |editor-first1=Pei-Lin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=Relevance and Application of Heritage in Contemporary Society |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Chen |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=George S. |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-351-33296-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Jessica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C&pg=PA101 101] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Spanish architecture]] left an imprint in town designs around a [[poblacion|central square]] or {{lang|es|plaza mayor}}, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Cruz |first1=Geoffrey Rhoel C. |title=A Review of How Philippine Colonial Experience Influenced the Country's Approaches to Conservation of Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517150542/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |book-title=Arts Congress Proceedings |volume=3 |series=9 |date=February 2019 |location=Manila, Philippines |conference=12th Arts Congress |issn=2012-0311 |at=The Philippine Built Cultural Heritage}}</ref><ref name="Ring-1996" /> [[List of Baroque churches in the Philippines|Several]] Philippine [[List of Catholic churches in the Philippines|churches]] adapted [[baroque architecture]] to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of [[Earthquake Baroque]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ortiz |first1=Ma. Aurora R. |last2=Erestain |first2=Teresita E. |last3=Guillermo |first3=Alice G. |last4=Montano |first4=Myrna C. |last5=Pilar |first5=Santiago A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC |title=Art: Perception & Appreciation |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |location=Makati, Philippines |isbn=978-971-11-0933-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC&pg=PA287 287] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Girard-2021">{{cite book|last=Girard |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ |title=Leandro Valencia Locsin: Filipino architect |date=December 6, 2021 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |location=Basel, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-0356-2093-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–25] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines|four baroque churches]] have been listed as a collective UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches">{{#invoke:cite web||year=2010 |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154046/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> [[Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines|Spanish colonial fortifications]] ({{lang|es|fuerzas}}) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Castles of God: Fortified Religious Buildings of the World |date=2004 |publisher=[[Boydell Press]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England |isbn=978-1-84383-066-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC&pg=PA190 190] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC  |language=en}}</ref> [[Vigan]], in [[Ilocos Sur]], is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rabang |first1=Marie Rose Q. |title=Cultural Mapping as a Tool in Heritage Conservation in a World Heritage Site: The Vigan City Experience |journal=Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage |date=December 4, 2015 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.23969/sampurasun.v1i1.26 |url=https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Research Institute of Pasundan University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061850/https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and [[Art Deco]] theaters.<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Noche |first1=Manuel D. C. |title=History of Philippine Architecture |date=April 14, 2015 |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> During the American period, some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by [[Daniel Burnham]] was done in portions of [[Burnham Plan of Manila|Manila]] and [[Baguio]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC |title=Outline of Town and City Planning |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]]/[[Thoemmes Press]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-415-16094-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC&pg=PA201 201] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirsch |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrujEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |title=American Colonial Spaces in the Philippines: Insular Empire |series=Routledge Research in Historical Geography |date=February 15, 2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-83977-7 |language=en}}</ref> Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of [[Ancient Greek architecture|Greek]] or [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture" /><ref name="Girard-2021" /> Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in [[Iloilo]], especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Salas |first=Vic |date=August 9, 2022 |title=[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref>