Oceania

=== Archaeogenetics ===
[[Archaeology]], [[linguistics]], and existing [[genetics|genetic studies]] indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration. The first migration of [[Australo-Melanesians]] took place {{circa}} 40 to 80 thousand years ago, and these migrants, [[Papuan people|Papuans]], colonised much of [[Near Oceania]]. Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago, a second expansion of [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] speakers arrived in Near Oceania, and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific, colonising [[Remote Oceania]].<ref name="doi10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.014"/>

[[Mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) studies quantify the magnitude of the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian expansion]] and demonstrate the homogenising effect of this expansion. With regards to Papuan influence, autochthonous [[haplogroup]]s support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years. [[Santa Cruz Islands|Santa Cruz]], a population located in Remote Oceania, is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin.<ref name="doi10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.014"/>

Large areas of [[New Guinea]] are unexplored by scientists and [[anthropologist]]s due to extensive [[forestation]] and mountainous terrain. Known indigenous tribes in [[Papua New Guinea]] have very little contact with local authorities aside from the authorities knowing who they are. Many remain [[preliterate]] and, at the national or international level, the names of tribes and information about them is extremely hard to obtain. The [[Indonesia]]n provinces of [[Papua (province)|Papua]] and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] on the island of New Guinea are home to an estimated 44 [[uncontacted peoples|uncontacted tribal groups]].<ref name="survival" />
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