Muhammad Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Final years=== ====Conquest of Mecca==== {{Main|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca}} <!------------ PLEASE NOTE: The consensus to include images of Muhammad emerged after extensive months-long discussions and efforts on both sides to balance multiple competing interests. Please do not remove or reposition these images because you feel they are against your religion. Please do not add more images or reposition the current ones to prove a point. To avoid pointless revert-warring, blocking and page protection, please discuss any prospective changes on the talk page. Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia. -------------> <div class="depiction"> [[File:Siyer-i Nebi 298a.jpg|thumb|upright|A depiction of Muhammad (with veiled face) advancing on Mecca from [[Siyer-i Nebi]], a 16th-century [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] manuscript. The angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail, are also shown.]] </div> After amassing a powerful alliance, Muhammad once more set his sights on his hometown, [[Mecca]]. He leveraged his covert agent, Budayl ibn Warqa, to fan the flames of discord between [[Banu Bakr]], supported by the [[Quraysh]], and [[Banu Khuza'ah]], his ally.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=211}} Taking the ensuing conflict as a ''[[casus belli]]'', Muhammad led his forces towards Mecca.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=211–3}} Upon nearing the city, he ordered the creation of individual fires to magnify the perceived size of his army. He sent [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], his uncle, to warn the Meccan chief [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] that if they were to invade the city, it could result in the slaughter of the [[Quraysh]], including himself.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=216}} Abu Sufyan then went to meet Muhammad and converted to Islam. He subsequently went back to the city and told the citizens that their lives and property would be safe as long as they did not resist and remained in their homes, went to the [[Kaaba]], or stayed with him.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=259–60}} Muhammad sent out his forces with a short list of six men and four women to be killed on sight. Among those targeted was his former scribe, [[Abd Allah ibn Sa'd|Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh]].{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=261}} While transcribing the [[Quran]]ic verses from Muhammad's dictation, Abdullah filled a brief pause by Muhammad by vocalizing his own version of the rest of the verse. Absentmindedly, Muhammad instructed him to include it.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=219}} He also professed to have intermittently modified the substance of the Quran's dictation, which Muhammad failed to detect. These factors led him to abandon Islam and return to Mecca. Later, during the conquest, Abdullah, in the company of his foster brother [[Uthman]], implored Muhammad for mercy, which was eventually given. However, as they left, Muhammad rebuked his companions, "I was silent for a long time. Why did not one of you kill this dog?" When inquired why he did not signal, Muhammad irritably retorted, "One does not kill by signs." After Muhammad's death, Abdullah became a top official in the Islamic state.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=261}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=219}} Ibn Khatal al-Adrami, another apostate, was not as fortunate. He authored verses critical of Muhammad and had two girls sing them at a party he held. Amid the conquest, he desperately clung to the [[Kiswah|Kaaba's curtain]]. Muhammad, upon hearing this, ordered his execution, nonetheless. One of the songstresses was later found and similarly executed.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=261}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=219}} In sum, only three out of the ten targets were located and eliminated. The remainder were able to secure a form of pardon for their past deeds and were allowed to join the ranks of Islam.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=218–9}} In their advances, the Muslim forces faced only little resistance from one sector of Mecca, which was effortlessly defeated by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]].{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=260}} Eventually, Muhammad visited the Kaaba and had it cleared of all idols and images, except, reportedly, the paintings of [[Abraham]], Jesus, and [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]].{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=260}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=219}} All of Mecca's residents were then gathered and made to pledge their allegiance to him and convert to Islam.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=260}} ==== Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk ==== {{Main|Battle of Hunayn|Expedition of Tabuk}} [[File:Muslim Conquest.PNG|thumb|Conquests of Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines). Shown: Byzantine empire (North and West) & Sassanid-Persian empire (Northeast).]]Upon learning that Mecca had fallen to the Muslims, the [[Hawazin|Banu Hawazin]] gathered their entire tribe, including their families, to fight.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=320–1}} They are estimated to have around 4,000 warriors.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=321}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=181}} Muhammad led 12,000 soldiers to raid them, but they surprised him at Wadi Hunayn.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=182}} The Muslims overpowered them and took their women, children and animals.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=186}} Muhammad then turned his attention to [[Taif]], a city that was famous for its vineyards and gardens. He ordered them to be destroyed and besieged the city, which was surrounded by walls. After 15–20 days of failing to breach their defenses, he abandoned the attempts.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=325}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=225}} When he divided the plentiful loot acquired at Hunayn among his soldiers, the rest of the Hawazin converted to Islam{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=263–4}} and implored Muhammad to release their children and women, reminding him that he had been nursed by some of those women when he was a baby. He complied but held on to the rest of the plunder. Some of his men opposed giving away their portions, so he compensated them with six camels each from subsequent raids.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=326}} Muhammad distributed a big portion of the booty to the new converts from the [[Quraysh]]. [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] and two of his sons, [[Mu'awiya I|Muawiyya]] and [[Yazid I|Yazid]], got 100 camels individually.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=327}} The [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]], who had fought bravely in the battle, but received close to nothing, were unhappy with this.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=328}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=189}} One of them remarked, "It is not with such gifts that one seeks God's face." Disturbed by this utterance, Muhammad retorted, "He changed color."{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}} Roughly 10 months after he captured Mecca, Muhammad took his army to attack the wealthy border provinces of [[Syria Prima|Byzantine Syria]].{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=274}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=191}} Several motives are proposed, including avenging the defeat at Mu'tah and earning vast booty.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=192–4}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=274–5}} Because of the drought and severe heat at that time, some of the Muslims refrained from participating. This led to the revelation of Quran 9:38 which rebuked those slackers.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=192–3}} When Muhammad and his army reached [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], there were no hostile forces present.<ref>M.A. al-Bakhit, ''Tabuk'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref> However, he was able to force some of the local chiefs to accept his rule and pay [[jizya]]. A group under [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid ibn Walid]] that he sent for a raid also managed to acquire some booty including 2,000 camels and 800 cattle.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=230}} The Hawazin's acceptance of Islam resulted in Taif losing its last major ally.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=188}} After enduring a year of unrelenting thefts and terror attacks from the Muslims following the siege, the people of Taif, known as the [[Banu Thaqif]], finally reached a tipping point and acknowledged that embracing Islam was the most sensible path for them.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=226}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=269}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=189}} ====Farewell pilgrimage==== <!------------ PLEASE NOTE: The consensus to include images of Muhammad emerged after extensive months-long discussions and efforts on both sides to balance multiple competing interests. Please do not remove or reposition these images because you feel they are against your religion. Please do not add more images or reposition the current ones to prove a point. To avoid pointless revert-warring, blocking and page protection, please discuss any prospective changes on the talk page. Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia. -------------> {{Main|Farewell Pilgrimage}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm}} <div class="depiction"> [[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasī'|prohibiting Nasī']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]] </div>On February 631, Muhammad received a revelation granting idolaters four months of grace, after which the Muslims would attack, kill, and plunder them wherever they met.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=344–5, 359}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=200}} During the 632 pilgrimage season, Muhammad personally led the ceremonies and gave a sermon. Among the key points highlighted are said to have been the prohibition of usury and vendettas related to past murders from the pre-Islamic era; the brotherhood of all Muslims; and the adoption of twelve lunar months without [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalation]].{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=358}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=285–6}} He also reaffirmed that husbands had the right to discipline and strike their wives without excessive force if they were unfaithful or misbehaved. He explained that wives were entrusted to their husbands and, if obedient, deserved to be provided with food and clothing, as they were gifts from God for personal enjoyment.{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=140}} ===={{anchor|Death and tomb|Death}}Death and tomb==== [[File:Siyer-i Nebi 414a.jpg|thumb|The death of Muhammad. From the {{transliteration|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}}, {{c.|1595}}.]] After praying at the burial site in June 632, Muhammad suffered a dreadful headache that made him cry in pain.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=203}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=286}} He continued to spend the night with each of his wives one by one,{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=286–7}} but he fainted in [[Maymunah bint al-Harith|Maymunah]]'s hut.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=360}} He requested his wives to allow him to stay in [[Aisha]]'s hut. He could not walk there without leaning on [[Ali]] and [[Fadl ibn Abbas]], as his legs were trembling. His wives and his uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]] fed him an Abyssinian remedy when he was unconscious.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=287}} When he came to, he inquired about it, and they explained they were afraid he had [[pleurisy]]. He replied that God would not afflict him with such a vile disease, and ordered all the women to also take the remedy.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=361}} According to various sources, including {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]}}, Muhammad said that he felt his aorta being severed because of the food he ate at Khaybar.{{sfn|Katz|2022|p=147}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=283}} On 8 June 632, Muhammad died. In his last moments, he reportedly uttered: {{Blockquote|O God, forgive me and have mercy on me; and let me join the highest companions.{{Sfn|Cole|1996|p=268}}{{Sfn|Borup|Fibiger|Kühle|2019|p=132}}{{Sfn|Ibn Kathīr|1998|p=344}}|Muhammad}} Historian Alfred T. Welch speculates that Muhammad's death was caused by Medinan fever, which was aggravated by physical and mental fatigue.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=374}} Muhammad was buried where he died in Aisha's house.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}<ref>Leila Ahmed (1986), 665–91 (686)</ref>{{sfn|Peters|2003|p=90}} During the reign of the Umayyad caliph [[al-Walid I]], [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] (the Mosque of the Prophet) was expanded to include the site of [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Muhammad's tomb.]]<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Penerbit UTM |isbn=978-983-52-0373-2 |last=Ariffin |first=Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed |title=Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque |date=2005 |page=88}}</ref> The [[Green Dome]] above the tomb was built by the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] sultan [[Al Mansur Qalawun]] in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10061 |title=Prophet's Mosque |publisher=Archnet.org |date=2 May 2005 |access-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131933/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10061 |archive-date=23 March 2012 }}</ref> Among tombs adjacent to that of Muhammad are those of his companions ([[Sahabah]]), the first two Muslim caliphs [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], and an empty one that [[Jesus in Islam#Second Coming|Muslims believe awaits Jesus]].{{sfn|Peters|2003|p=90}}<ref>"Isa", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref><ref name="Al-HaqqaniKabbani2002">{{cite book |first1=Shaykh Adil |last1=Al-Haqqani |first2=Shaykh Hisham |last2=Kabbani |author-link2=Hisham Kabbani |title=The Path to Spiritual Excellence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzpV0QnOVxsC&pg=PA65 |date=2002 |publisher=ISCA |isbn=978-1-930409-18-7 |pages=65–66 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043430/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzpV0QnOVxsC&pg=PA65 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> When [[Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud|Saud bin Abdul-Aziz]] took Medina in 1805, Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation.<ref name="Weston2008" /> Adherents to [[Wahhabism]], Saud's followers, destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration,<ref name="Weston2008">{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Weston |author-link=Mark Weston (journalist) |title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA102 |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-18257-4 |pages=102–03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101063555/https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA102 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and the one of Muhammad is reported to have narrowly escaped.<ref name="Behrens-AbouseifVernoit2006">{{cite book |first1=Doris |last1=Behrens-Abouseif |first2=Stephen |last2=Vernoit |title=Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&pg=PA22 |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14442-2 |page=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930145617/https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Similar events took place in 1925, when the [[Ikhwan|Saudi militias]] retook—and this time managed to keep—the city.<ref name="Weston2008b">{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Weston |title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA136 |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-18257-4 |page=136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101063555/https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA136 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Cornell2007">{{cite book |first=Vincent J. |last=Cornell |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of the spirit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dNKFLJVvNkC&pg=PA84 |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98734-3 |page=84 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101063555/https://books.google.com/books?id=8dNKFLJVvNkC&pg=PA84 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book |first=Carl W. |last=Ernst |author-link=Carl W. Ernst |title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA1173 |date=2004 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5 |pages=173–74 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101063555/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA1173 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in unmarked graves.<ref name="Behrens-AbouseifVernoit2006" /> Although the practice is frowned upon by the Saudis, many pilgrims continue to practice a {{transliteration|ar|[[ziyarat]]}}—a ritual visit—to the tomb.{{Sfn|Bennett|1998|p=182–83}}<ref name="Clark2011">{{cite book |first=Malcolm |last=Clark |title=Islam For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT165 |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-1-118-05396-6 |page=165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035138/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT165 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> {{wide image|Madina Haram at evening.jpg|800px|[[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] ("the Prophet's mosque") in [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia, with the [[Green Dome]] built over Muhammad's tomb in the center|left}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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