Jerusalem

==Political status==
{{main|Positions on Jerusalem}}
[[File:Stamp of Israel - Festivals 5729 - 15.jpg|145px|thumb|An Israeli stamp from 1968, quoting<Br/>[[Psalm 122]]:6;<br/>''Pray for the peace of Jerusalem...'']]
From 1923 until 1948, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of [[Mandatory Palestine]].<ref>Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate:

*{{Cite book |last=Orfali |first=Jacob G. |title=Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same |publisher=Ronin Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-914171-75-1 |page=25 |quote=In the year 1923, [Jerusalem] became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine}}
*{{cite book |last=Oren-Nordheim |first=Michael |url=http://sachlav.huji.ac.il/mskark/ |title=Ruth Kark |author2=Ruth Kark |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8143-2909-2 |page=36 |quote=The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital – Jerusalem. |access-date=17 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216063555/http://sachlav.huji.ac.il/mskark/ |archive-date=16 December 2007 |url-status=dead}} is a professor in the Department of Geography at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].
*{{Cite book |last=Dumper |first=Michael |title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-231-10640-5 |page=59 |quote=the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine...}}</ref>

From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194|UN General Assembly Resolution 194]] envisaged Jerusalem as an [[international city]]. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem [[Reunification of Jerusalem|came under Israeli control]]. On 27 June 1967, the government of [[Levi Eshkol]] extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the [[Jerusalem Islamic Waqf|Jordanian waqf]], under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm |title=Jerusalem in International Diplomacy |author=Dore Gold |access-date=20 July 2008 |author-link=Dore Gold |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028044557/http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of [[Orient House]], home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm |title=The New Orient House: A History of Palestinian Hospitality |publisher=jerusalemites.org |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217143302/http://jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm |archive-date=17 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City |last=Klein |first=Menachem |isbn=978-0-8147-4754-4 |publisher=New York University Press |year=2001 |page=189 |chapter=The PLO and the Palestinian Identity of East Jerusalem}}</ref> The [[Oslo Accords]] stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]]. The accords banned any official Palestinian presence in the city until a final peace agreement, but provided for the opening of a Palestinian trade office in East Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.<ref name=umd>{{cite web |url=http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |last=Segal |first=Jerome M. |publisher=The University of Maryland School of Public Policy |title=Negotiating Jerusalem |access-date=25 February 2007 |date=Fall 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514191731/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |archive-date=14 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Møller, Bjørn |title=A Cooperative Structure for Israeli–Palestinian Relations: Working Paper No. 1 |website=Centre for European Policy Studies |date=November 2002 |url=http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171 |access-date=16 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040106192631/http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171 |archive-date=6 January 2004}}</ref> 

President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] has said that any agreement that did not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-10/middle-east/28287403_1_solution-palestinian-capital-east-jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811100537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-10/middle-east/28287403_1_solution-palestinian-capital-east-jerusalem |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=No agreement without a Palestinian capital in Jerusalem: Mahmoud Abbas |date=10 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. Due to its proximity to the city, especially the Temple Mount, [[Abu Dis]], a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] in the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis.<ref>Bard, Mitchell G. ''Will Israel Survive?''</ref>

===International status===
While the international community regards East Jerusalem, including the entire Old City, as part of the [[occupied Palestinian territories]], neither part, West or East Jerusalem, is recognized as part of the territory of Israel or the [[State of Palestine]].<ref>[https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/the-controversial-sovereignty-over-the-city-of-jerusalem The Controversial Sovereignty over the City of Jerusalem (22 June 2015, The National Catholic Reporter)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121191334/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/the-controversial-sovereignty-over-the-city-of-jerusalem |date=21 November 2018 }} "No U.S. president has ever officially acknowledged Israeli sovereignty over any part of Jerusalem (...) The refusal to recognize Jerusalem as Israeli territory is a near universal policy among Western nations."</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42218042 Jerusalem: Opposition to mooted Trump Israel announcement grows] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806054724/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42218042 |date=6 August 2019 }}"Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem has never been recognised internationally"</ref><ref>Whither Jerusalem (Lapidot) page 17: "Israeli control in west Jerusalem since 1948 was illegal and most states have not recognized its sovereignty there"</ref><ref>The [[Jerusalem Law]] states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and [[Knesset|parliament]]. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478]] (20 August 1980; 14–0, U.S. abstaining) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem (see {{Harvard citation no brackets|Kellerman|1993|p=140}}). See [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.</ref> Under the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]] adopted by the [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] in 1947, Jerusalem was envisaged to become a [[corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|corpus separatum]] administered by the United Nations. In the war of 1948, the western part of the city was occupied by forces of the nascent state of Israel, while the eastern part was occupied by Jordan. The international community largely considers the legal status of Jerusalem to derive from the partition plan, and correspondingly refuses to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the city.<ref>"UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zonea, or&nbsp;corpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be referendum to determine its future.&nbsp;This approach applies equally to West and East Jerusalem and is not affected by the occupation of East jerusalem in 1967.&nbsp;To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law" (Susan M. Akram, Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, Iain Scobbie (eds.),&nbsp;International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace,&nbsp;Routledge, 2010 p.119. )</ref>

===Status under Israeli rule===
Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders.
[[File:KnessetBuildingNov152022.jpg|thumb|The [[Knesset]] houses the [[legislature]] of Israel]]
In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable. Communications Minister [[Moshe Kahlon]] said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading".<ref>{{cite web |author=Tzippe Barrow |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/October/Bill-to-Grant-Jerusalem-Priority-Status/ |title=Bill to Grant Jerusalem Priority Status – Inside Israel – CBN News – Christian News 24–7 |publisher=CBN.com |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904135513/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/October/Bill-to-Grant-Jerusalem-Priority-Status/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/10/AR2007021001571.html "Jewish Inroads in Muslim Quarter: Settlers' Project to Alter Skyline of Jerusalem's Old City"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402175606/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/10/AR2007021001571.html |date=2 April 2017 }} The Washington Post Foreign Service, 11 February 2007; p. A01</ref> in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while some Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year-old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=79635 |title=Western Wall was never part of temple |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=25 October 2007 |access-date=9 December 2012 |first=Mike |last=Seid}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/14529 |title=Camp David: An Exchange |journal=The New York Review of Books |date=20 September 2001 |access-date=7 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930193650/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/14529 |archive-date=30 September 2009}}</ref> Palestinians regard Jerusalem as the capital of the [[State of Palestine]],<ref name=PalestinianPosition/> and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] in 2000 concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there.<ref name=Amirav01a>{{cite book |url={{Google books |id=IH9l4fUKZ_MC |page=28 |plainurl=yes}} |title=Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |author=Moshe Amirav |pages=28–29 |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-84519-347-8 |access-date=3 June 2014 |author-link=Moshe Amirav}}</ref> 

However, Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] said in 2014 that "Jerusalem will never be divided".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Netanyahu-47-years-ago-Jerusalem-was-reunited-and-thats-how-it-will-stay-354589 |title=Netanyahu: 'Jerusalem is the heart of the nation. We'll never divide our heart.' |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=28 May 2014 |first=Tovah |last=Lazaroff |access-date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614120759/https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Netanyahu-47-years-ago-Jerusalem-was-reunited-and-thats-how-it-will-stay-354589 |url-status=live}}</ref> A poll conducted in June 2013 found that 74% of Israeli Jews reject the idea of a Palestinian capital in any portion of Jerusalem, though 72% of the public regarded it as a divided city.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Post-poll-72-percent-of-Jewish-Israelis-view-Jlem-as-divided-315490 Poll: 72% of Jewish Israelis view J'lem as divided] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016001058/http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Post-poll-72-percent-of-Jewish-Israelis-view-Jlem-as-divided-315490 |date=16 October 2015 }}, Jerusalem Post 5 June 2013</ref> A poll conducted by Palestinian Centre for Public Opinion and American Pechter Middle East Polls for the Council on Foreign Relations, among East Jerusalem Arab residents in 2011 revealed that 39% of East Jerusalem Arab residents would prefer Israeli citizenship contrary to 31% who opted for Palestinian citizenship. According to the poll, 40% of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighbourhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4013000,00.html |title=Poll: Jerusalem Arabs prefer Israel |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=7 December 2012 |last1=Benhorin |first1=Yitzhak |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006161751/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4013000,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Israel Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|The [[Supreme Court of Israel]]]]

===Jerusalem as capital of Israel===
[[File:Hutz.JPG|thumb|[[Foreign Ministry of Israel|The Israeli Foreign Ministry]] building]]

On 5 December 1949, Israel's first Prime Minister, [[David Ben-Gurion]], proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal" and "sacred" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had "compelled" the Israeli leadership "to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv", while "for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only – Jerusalem the Eternal", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for "the Knesset... returning to Jerusalem."<ref name=BGurion>{{cite web |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |author-link=David Ben-Gurion |publisher=The Knesset |title=Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem |date=5 December 1949 |access-date=2 April 2007 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523152628/http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This indeed took place, and since the beginning of 1950 all branches of the [[Politics of Israel|Israeli government]]—[[Politics of Israel#Legislative branch|legislative]], [[Politics of Israel#Judicial system|judicial]], and [[Politics of Israel#Prime Ministers and governments in the last ten years|executive]]—have resided there, except for the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]], which is located at [[HaKirya]] in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4181.IH: |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233952/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105%3AH.R.4181.IH%3A |archive-date=3 September 2015 |publisher=The Library of Congress |title=Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998 |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=dead |date=25 June 1998}}</ref><ref name=JTA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jta.org/1950/01/25/archive/knesset-proclaims-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-mapam-and-herut-abstain-from-voting |title=Knesset Proclaims Jerusalem As Israel's Capital; Mapam and Herut Abstain from Voting |date=25 January 1950 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004818/https://www.jta.org/1950/01/25/archive/knesset-proclaims-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-mapam-and-herut-abstain-from-voting |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of Ben Gurion's proclamations and the ensuing Knesset vote of 24 January 1950,<ref name=JTA/> Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, and thus the proclamation only applied to West Jerusalem.

In July 1980, Israel passed the [[Jerusalem Law]] as [[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Law]]. The law declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel.<ref name=basiclaw>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=2 April 2007 |date=30 July 1980 |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208165053/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |archive-date=8 February 2007}}</ref> The Jerusalem Law was condemned by the international community, which did not recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The United Nations Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478|Resolution 478]] on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Jerusalem Law is ''"a violation of international law"'', is ''"null and void and must be rescinded forthwith"''. Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=United Nations |access-date=30 July 2008 |year=1980 |title=Resolution 478 (1980) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205073441/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=5 February 2009}}</ref> 

Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. [[Costa Rica]] and [[El Salvador]] followed in 2006.<ref>Mosheh ʻAmirav, ''Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City'', Sussex University Press, 2009 p. 27: 'In the summer of 2006, these two countries also announced the adoption of a new policy whereby they would no longer recognize Israel's sovereignty in Jerusalem, and transferred their embassies out of the city'.</ref><!-- The source given doesn't say that the two countries concerned had recognised West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, only that they had recognised Israel's sovereignty, ''de jure'', ''de facto'' or otherwise. Nor, presumably, does it say that 22 other countries had done so previously. --> There are two embassies—United States and Guatemala—and two consulates located within the city limits of Jerusalem, and two [[Latin America]]n states maintain embassies in the [[Jerusalem District]] [[Local council (Israel)|town]] of [[Mevaseret Zion]] ([[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]]).<ref name=embassies>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.php |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |publisher=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724111910/http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180503-guatemala-embassy-in-israel-opens-in-jerusalem/ |title=Guatemala embassy in Israel opens in Jerusalem |date=3 May 2018 |work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=12 May 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080855/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180503-guatemala-embassy-in-israel-opens-in-jerusalem/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[List of Consulates-General in Jerusalem|a number of consulates-general]] located in Jerusalem, which work primarily either with Israel, or the Palestinian authorities.

In 1995, the United States Congress passed the [[Jerusalem Embassy Act]], which required, subject to conditions, that its embassy be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html |title=Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=15 February 2007 |date=8 November 1995 |archive-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043204/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 December 2017 [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] officially [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|recognized Jerusalem]] as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the [[Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv|American embassy]] to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel |title=President Donald J. Trump's Proclamation on Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel |publisher=White House |access-date=6 December 2017 |date=6 December 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206191507/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/trump-to-declare-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/news-story/6f16170f8ceec70d7e2f10a9659309a1 |title=Trump Declares Jerusalem as Israel's Capital |work=News.com.au |date=7 December 2017 |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206234846/http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/trump-to-declare-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/news-story/6f16170f8ceec70d7e2f10a9659309a1 |url-status=live}}</ref> The move was criticized by many nations.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-jerusalem-reaction/arabs-europe-u-n-reject-trumps-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital-idUSKBN1E0312 Arabs, Europe, U.N. reject Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222180040/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-jerusalem-reaction/arabs-europe-u-n-reject-trumps-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital-idUSKBN1E0312 |date=22 December 2017 }}, Mark Heinrich, Reuters</ref> A resolution condemning the US decision was supported by all the 14 other members of the UN Security Council, but was vetoed by the US on 18 December 2017.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/18/us-forced-veto-un-resolution-condemning-trumps-decision-jerusalem/ US forced to veto UN resolution condemning Trump's decision on Jerusalem] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510060242/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/18/us-forced-veto-un-resolution-condemning-trumps-decision-jerusalem/ |date=10 May 2018 }}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''</ref> A subsequent resolution condemning the US decision was passed in the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42446027 |title=UN rejects Trump's Jerusalem declaration |date=21 December 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053816/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42446027 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/general-assembly-rejects-trump-jerusalem-move-171221135806725.html |title=UN General Assembly rejects Trump's Jerusalem move |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222211816/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/general-assembly-rejects-trump-jerusalem-move-171221135806725.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem |first=Rick |last=Gladstone |date=21 December 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ES-10/L.22&Submit=Search&Lang=E |title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222122638/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ES-10/L.22&Submit=Search&Lang=E |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 May 2018, the United States officially opened its [[Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem|embassy in Jerusalem]], transforming its Tel Aviv location into a consulate. Due to the general lack of international recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli media outlets use Tel Aviv as a [[metonym]] for Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html |title=Israel must co-operate over fake passports, says David Miliband |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |first=James |last=Tapsfield |archive-date=20 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820225541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm |title=Dubai Hamas killing pledge by UK foreign secretary |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501194540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html |title=Editorial A bloody new year in Gaza |newspaper=The Japan Times |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112509/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986728.ece Times Online Style Guide – J] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921130217/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986728.ece |date=21 September 2011 }} "Jerusalem must not be used as a metonym or variant for Israel. It is not internationally recognised as the Israeli capital, and its status is one of the central controversies in the Middle East."</ref>

In April 2017, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced it viewed Western Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the context of UN-approved principles which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Jpost-Exclusive-Moscow-surprisingly-says-west-Jerusalem-is-Israels-capital-486336 |title=Jpost Exclusive: Moscow surprisingly says west Jerusalem is Israel's capital – Israel News |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193803/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Jpost-Exclusive-Moscow-surprisingly-says-west-Jerusalem-is-Israels-capital-486336 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.pnn.ps/2017/04/08/russia-could-acknowledge-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital/ |title=Russia could acknowledge West Jerusalem as Israeli Capital |date=8 April 2017 |publisher=PNN |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409195147/http://english.pnn.ps/2017/04/08/russia-could-acknowledge-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement (6 April 2017)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104201944/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |date=4 January 2020 }}"We reaffirm our commitment to the UN-approved principles for a Palestinian-Israeli settlement, which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. At the same time, we must state that in this context we view West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel."</ref> On 15 December 2018, [[Australia]] officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, but said their embassy in Tel Aviv would stay until a two-state resolution was settled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel/ |title=Australia recognizes west Jerusalem as the capital of Israel |work=CBS News |date=15 December 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216011904/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The decision was reversed in October 2022.<ref name="aureverse">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129609399/australia-will-end-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |language=en-US |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=18 October 2022 |title=Australia says it will end its recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018054516/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129609399/australia-will-end-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Government precinct and national institutions====
The [[Kiryat HaLeom]] (national precinct) project is intended to house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. They are located in the [[Kiryat HaMemshala]] (government complex) in the [[Givat Ram]] neighbourhood. Some government buildings are located in [[Kiryat Menachem Begin]]. The city is home to the Knesset,<ref>{{cite web |title=English gateway to the Knesset website |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502130558/https://knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The State of Israel: The Judicial Authority |url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428211321/https://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Bank of Israel]], the [[National Headquarters of the Israel Police]], the official residences of the [[President of Israel|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], the [[Cabinet of Israel|Cabinet]], and all ministries except for the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]] (which is located in central Tel Aviv's [[HaKirya]] district) and the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Israel)|Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development]] (which is located in [[Rishon LeZion]], in the wider Tel Aviv [[metropolitan area]], near [[Beit Dagan]]).

====Israeli settlements====
{{See also|Israeli settlements}}
{{Expand section|date=April 2023}}

Since its capture in 1967, the Israeli government has built 12 [[Israeli settlements]] in [[East Jerusalem]], with a population amounting to 220,000 Israeli Jewish settlers as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population |url=https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Peace Now |language=en-US |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611210642/https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |url-status=live}}</ref> The international community consider Israeli settlements to be illegal under [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |year=1990 |title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/2203016 |jstor=2203016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100933/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020 |quote=The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza. |s2cid=145514740}}</ref>

===Jerusalem as capital of Palestine===
{{See also|East Jerusalem#Jerusalem as capital}}
[[File:Orient House.jpg|thumb|[[Orient House]] in East Jerusalem served as the headquarters of the [[PLO]] in the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after the [[Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing]].|left]]
[[File:Consulate at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Consulate General of France, Jerusalem]]]]
The [[Palestinian National Authority]] views East Jerusalem as [[occupied territory]] according to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242]]. The Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including the [[Haram al-Sharif]], as the capital of the State of Palestine,<ref name="PalestinianPosition">In the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]'s [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence]] of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine. In 1997, the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] passed the Palestinian ''Basic Law'' (ratified by Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] in 2002), designating the city as such. Article 3: ''"Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine."''<br />
See [http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law ''2003 Amended Basic Law''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211183132/http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |date=11 February 2016 }}. Retrieved 2 June 2013; [http://english.people.com.cn/200210/06/eng20021006_104530.shtml Arafat Signs Law Making Jerusalem Palestinian Capital] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930185347/http://english.people.com.cn/200210/06/eng20021006_104530.shtml |date=30 September 2014 }}, People's Daily, published 6 October 2002; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2302961.stm Arafat names Jerusalem as capital] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916221206/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2302961.stm |date=16 September 2015 }}, BBC News, published 6 October 2002.</ref> The PLO claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to permanent status negotiations. However, it has stated that it would be willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an [[open city]].<ref name="PLO-NAD">{{cite web |work=PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) |url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=59&more=1 |title=Jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418223336/http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=59 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>

The PLO's position is that East Jerusalem, as defined by the [[Green Line (Israel)|pre-1967 municipal boundaries]], shall be the capital of Palestine and [[West Jerusalem]] the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city and with its own municipality. A joint ''development council'' would be responsible for coordinated development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Factsheet%202013/EJ%20TODAY_FINAL%20REPORT_II.pdf |website=East Jerusalem today |title=Palestine's Capital: The 1967 border in Jerusalem and Israel's illegal policies on the ground |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825020708/http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Factsheet%202013/EJ%20TODAY_FINAL%20REPORT_II.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) |date=August 2013 |page=5}}</ref>

Some states, such as [[Russia]]<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4015504,00.html Medvedev reaffirms Soviet recognition of Palestine (Ynet News, 18 January 2011)] "Russian president says Moscow has not changed its position since 1988 when it 'recognized independent Palestinian state with its capital in east Jerusalem'"</ref> and [[China]],<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7592121.html China supports Palestinian UN bid (Xinhua, 8 September 2011)] "China recognizes Palestine as a country with east Jerusalem as its capital and possessing full sovereignty and independence, in accordance with borders agreed upon in 1967, according to Jiang"</ref> recognize the Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital. [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/292]] affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over East Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A2C2938216B39DE485256EA70070C849 |title=Resolution 58/292. Status of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem |date=17 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806133025/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A2C2938216B39DE485256EA70070C849 |archive-date=6 August 2012 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref>

==== Palestinian offices and institutions ====
[[File:89480 jerusalem villa constantine salama PikiWiki Israel.jpg|thumb|[[Villa Salameh]] — the home of Belgian Consulate to Palestine]]
Jerusalem is home to many [[List of consulates-general in Jerusalem|consulates and embassies]], representing countries including [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], [[UK]], [[France]], [[Holy See]], [[Italy]], and [[Sweden]]. They serve Palestine rather than Israel. Some are in [[Sheikh Jarrah]], known as the "Diplomatic Quarter" for Palestine, although it is under annexed by Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerusalem's Sheikh Jarrah quarter, onetime home to Arab consulates |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/jerusalem-s-sheikh-jarrah-quarter-onetime-home-to-arab-consulates/2990846 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> The Jerusalem Affairs Office of the Palestinian Authority and the [[Ministry of Interior (State of Palestine)|Ministry of Interior]] have their offices in the [[Abu Dis]] suburb of Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PA Institutions in Abu Dis Cut Off From East Jerusalem |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2004-01-19/ty-article/pa-institutions-in-abu-dis-cut-off-from-east-jerusalem/0000017f-db21-d3a5-af7f-fbaf31240000 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> 

Governor's House in Abu Dis is headquarter of [[Military of Palestine|PA security]], which includes [[Force 17]], General Intelligence Force, the [[Preventative Security Service]], [[Military intelligence|Military Intelligence]], the Political Guidance Apparatusand the Palestinian Police forces, which were attacked by [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] in 2001.<ref>https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/idf-forces-take-control-of-governors-house-compound-in-abu-dis-10-aug-2001</ref><ref>https://www.israelhayom.com/2018/02/16/abu-dis-information/</ref> An office of [[Ministry of Interior (State of Palestine)|Ministry of Interior]] is also in Abu Dis. Furthermore, there is a Palestinian Authority regional office and an electoral office located in the [[Al-Ram|Dahiyat al Barid]] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israeli Authorities Were Unaware of Jerusalem City Limits When Shuttering Palestinian Mapping Office |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-03-21/ty-article/.premium/police-were-unaware-of-jerusalem-city-limits-when-shuttering-palestinian-mapping-office/0000017f-e06d-d38f-a57f-e67f01870000 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> These offices play important roles in Palestinian governance and administration within the Jerusalem area.