Doctor of Philosophy

=== Finland ===
In [[Finland]], the degree of ''filosofian tohtori'' (abbreviated ''FT'') is awarded by traditional universities, such as [[University of Helsinki]]. A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/ml/jatko-opiskelu/jatkotutkinnot.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034302/http://www.helsinki.fi/ml/jatko-opiskelu/jatkotutkinnot.html |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=helsinki.fi}}</ref> Other universities such as [[Aalto University]] award degrees such as ''tekniikan tohtori'' (''TkT'', engineering), ''taiteen tohtori'' (''TaT'', art), etc., which are translated in English to [[Doctor of Science]] (D.Sc.), and they are formally equivalent. The [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]] (''filosofian lisensiaatti'' or ''FL'') requires only 2–3 years of research and is sometimes done before an FT.