Berlin

== Transport in Berlin ==
{{Main|Transport in Berlin}}

=== Roads ===
Berlin's transport infrastructure provides a diverse range of urban mobility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesslocationcenter.de/en/business-location/business-location/infrastructure/transport-infrastructure/passenger-and-freight-service |title=Mobile capital |publisher=Business Location Center |date=2011 |access-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414050459/https://www.businesslocationcenter.de/en/business-location/business-location/infrastructure/transport-infrastructure/passenger-and-freight-service |archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref>

A total of 979 bridges cross 197&nbsp;km (122 miles) the inner-city waterways. Berlin roads total 5,422&nbsp;km (3,369 miles) of which 77&nbsp;km (48 miles) are motorways (known as [[Autobahn]]).<ref name="Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg"/> The [[AVUS]] was the first automobile-only road<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stadtmuseum.de/en/article/the-avus#:~:text=The%20Avus%20is%20regarded%20as%20the%20world%E2%80%99s%20first,was%20also%20still%20being%20used%20as%20a%20racetrack | title=The AVUS }}</ref> and served as an inspiration for the first motorways in the world.<ref>Erhard Schütz and Eckhard Gruber, ''Mythos Reichsautobahn: Bau und Inszenierung der 'Straßen des Führers' 1933–1941'', Berlin: Links, 1996, {{ISBN|978-386153117-3}}, pp. 31-32 {{in lang|de}}.</ref><ref>Thomas Kunze and Rainer Stommer, "Geschichte der Reichsautobahn", in: ''Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos'', ed. Rainer Stommer with Claudia Gabriele Philipp, Marburg: Jonas, 1982, {{ISBN|9783922561125}}, pp.&nbsp;22–47, p.&nbsp;22 {{In lang|de}}.</ref> In 2013 only 1.344 million motor vehicles were registered in the city.<ref name="Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg">{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Strassenverkehr.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=46002&creg=BBB&anzwer=6 |title=Straßenverkehr 2013 |publisher=Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg |access-date=28 March 2015 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133316/https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Strassenverkehr.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=46002&creg=BBB&anzwer=6 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> With 377 cars per 1000 residents in 2013 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a Western global city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euromonitor.com/article/top-developed-world-cities-with-low-reliance-on-car-based-mobility |title=Top Developed World Cities with Low Reliance on Car-Based Mobility |website=Euromonitor International |date=31 August 2015 |access-date=23 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223102951/https://www.euromonitor.com/article/top-developed-world-cities-with-low-reliance-on-car-based-mobility |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Cycling ===
[[File:Berlin Cycle Tour.jpg|thumb|alt=Cyclists in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin|Cyclists in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin]]
{{Main|Cycling in Berlin}}
Berlin is well known for its highly developed [[bicycle lane]] system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/bike_city_berli.php |title=Bike City Berlin |website=Treehugger |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=21 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921163501/https://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/bike_city_berli.php |url-status=live }}</ref> It is estimated Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1,000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13 percent of total traffic in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/193840.platz-da-8211-fuer-die-radfahrer.html |title=Platz da! – für die Radfahrer |website=Neues Deutschland |access-date=22 March 2011 |archive-date=26 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326195118/https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/193840.platz-da-8211-fuer-die-radfahrer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cyclists in Berlin have access to 620&nbsp;km of bicycle paths including approximately 150&nbsp;km of mandatory bicycle paths, 190&nbsp;km of off-road bicycle routes, 60&nbsp;km of bicycle lanes on roads, 70&nbsp;km of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, 100&nbsp;km of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50&nbsp;km of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements or sidewalks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/zahlen_fakten/download/Mobility_en_komplett.pdf |title=Berlin Traffic in Figures |website=Senate Department of Urban Development |year=2013 |access-date=14 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319085713/https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/zahlen_fakten/download/Mobility_en_komplett.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Riders are allowed to carry their bicycles on [[Regionalbahn]] (RE), S-Bahn and U-Bahn trains, on trams, and on night buses if a bike ticket is purchased.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/mobil/fahrrad/bus_bahn/ |title=Mit dem Fahrrad – In Bussen und Bahnen |trans-title=By Bicycle – In Buses and Trains |publisher=Senate Department of Urban Development |language=de |access-date=15 June 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522101353/https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/mobil/fahrrad/bus_bahn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Taxicabs ===
In 2012 around 7,600 mostly colored [[taxicab]]s were in service. Since 2011 a number of app based [[Sharing economy|sharing cab services]], including [[electric vehicle]]s as well as [[electric motorcycles and scooters]], have evolved.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

=== Rail ===
[[File:Banhof Potsdamer Platz - Berlin D.jpg|thumb|right|[[Deutsche Bahn|DB]] [[Berlin Potsdamer Platz station|Station Potsdamer Platz]]]]
[[File:Berlin Hauptbahnhof middle level.jpg|thumb|right|Berlin Hauptbahnhof has railway tracks on two levels]]
Long-distance rail lines directly connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany. the regional rail lines of the [[Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg]] provide access to [[Brandenburg]] and to the [[Baltic Sea]]. The [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]] is the largest [[grade separation|grade-separated]] railway station in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://berliner-hbf.de/bahnhof_berlin_hbf_daten_und_fakten.html |title=Bahnhof Berlin Hbf Daten und Fakten |publisher=[[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]] |access-date=14 February 2016 |language=de |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115155518/https://berliner-hbf.de/bahnhof_berlin_hbf_daten_und_fakten.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Deutsche Bahn]] runs the high speed [[Intercity-Express]] (ICE) to domestic destinations, including [[Hamburg]], Munich, [[Cologne]], [[Stuttgart]], and [[Frankfurt am Main]].

=== Water transport ===
The [[Spree (river)|Spree]] and the [[Havel]] rivers cross Berlin. There are no frequent passenger connections to and from Berlin by water. Berlin's largest harbour, the [[Westhafen]], is located in the district of [[Moabit]]. It is a transhipment and storage site for inland shipping with a growing importance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.morgenpost.de/bezirke/mitte/article231791147/Wie-der-Westhafen-Berlins-Gueterverkehr-in-die-Zukunft-bringt.html |title=Wie der Westhafen Berlins Güterverkehr in die Zukunft bringt |website=morgenpost.de |date=14 March 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |language=German |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904114311/https://www.morgenpost.de/bezirke/mitte/article231791147/Wie-der-Westhafen-Berlins-Gueterverkehr-in-die-Zukunft-bringt.html |url-status=live |last1=Latz |first1=Christian }}</ref>

=== Intercity buses ===
There is an increasing quantity of [[intercity bus service]]s. Berlin city has more than 10 stations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelinho.com/en/travel/berlin|title=Berlin: Stations|publisher=Travelinho.com|access-date=2 December 2017|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013756/https://www.travelinho.com/en/travel/berlin|url-status=dead}}</ref> that run buses to destinations throughout Berlin. Destinations in Germany and Europe are connected via the intercity bus exchange ''[[Zentraler Omnibusbahnhof Berlin]]''.

=== Urban public transport ===
[[File:Berlin - U-Bahnhof Heidelberger Platz Südzugang.jpg|thumb|The {{lang|de|Berlin U-Bahn|italic=no}} (Metro) at [[Berlin Heidelberger Platz station|{{lang|de|Heidelberger Platz|nocat=y|italic=no}} station]]]]
[[File:Alexanderplatz U-bahn and clock, Berlin D.jpg|thumb|[[Alexanderplatz]] [[Berlin U-Bahn|U-bahn]] Station]]
The ''[[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe]]'' (BVG) and the German State-owned [[Deutsche Bahn]] (DB) manage several extensive urban public transport systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2015_be.pdf |title=Die kleine Berlin-Statistik 2015 |language=de |publisher=Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg |access-date=14 February 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315083836/https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2015_be.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | System
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Stations / Lines / Net length
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Annual ridership
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Operator / Notes
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|de|[[Berlin S-Bahn|S-Bahn]]|italic=no}}
| 166 / 16 / {{cvt|331|km}}
| 431,000,000 <small>(2016)</small>
| [[Deutsche Bahn|DB]] / Mainly overground [[rapid transit]] rail system with suburban stops
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|de|[[Berlin U-Bahn|U-Bahn]]|italic=no}}
| 173 / 9 / {{cvt|146|km}}
| 563,000,000 <small>(2017)</small>
| [[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe|BVG]] / Mainly underground rail system / 24h-service on weekends
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tram transport in Berlin|Tram]]
| 404 / 22 / {{cvt|194|km}}
| 197,000,000 <small>(2017)</small>
| BVG / Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bus transport in Berlin|Bus]]
| 3227 / 198 / {{cvt|1675|km}}
| 440,000,000 <small>(2017)</small>
| BVG / Extensive services in all boroughs / 62 Night Lines
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ferry transport in Berlin|Ferry]]
| 6 lines
| 
| BVG / Transportation as well as recreational ferries
|}

Public transport in Berlin has a long and complicated history because of the 20th-century division of the city, where movement between the two halves was not served. Since 1989, the transport network has been developed extensively. However, it still contains early 20th century traits, such as the U1.<ref>{{Cite book |author= Winfried Wolf |title=Berlin, Weltstadt ohne Auto? : Verkehrsgeschichte 1848–2015 |date=1994 |publisher=ISP |isbn=3929008742 |edition=1. Aufl |location=Köln |oclc=33163088 }}</ref>

=== Airports ===
[[File:Berlin Brandenburg Airport at night.jpg|thumb|right|Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) at night]]
Berlin is served by one commercial international airport: [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport]] (BER), located just outside Berlin's south-eastern border, in the state of Brandenburg. It began construction in 2006, with the intention of replacing [[Berlin Tegel Airport|{{lang|de|Tegel|nocat=y|italic=no}} Airport]] (TXL) and [[Berlin Schönefeld Airport|{{lang|de|Schönefeld|nocat=y|italic=no}} Airport]] (SXF) as the single commercial airport of Berlin.<ref name="BBC 2018-11-06">{{cite web| first=Emily| last=Schultheis| date=6 November 2018|access-date=23 May 2019|title=Whatever happened to Berlin's deserted 'ghost' airport?| url=https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20181030-what-happened-to-berlins-ghost-airport| publisher=BBC| archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530013917/https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20181030-what-happened-to-berlins-ghost-airport|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously set to open in 2012, after extensive delays and cost overruns, it opened for commercial operations in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Berlin's new $7 billion airport has finally opened after 9 years of delays, corruption allegations, and construction woes— see inside |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/berlin-brandenburg-airport-finally-opens-after-9-years-of-delays-2020-11?r=US&IR=T |website=Business Insider |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109200613/https://www.businessinsider.com/berlin-brandenburg-airport-finally-opens-after-9-years-of-delays-2020-11?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live }}</ref> The planned initial capacity of around 27&nbsp;million passengers per year<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2019 |title=Airport Berlin Brandenburg BER |url=https://www.berlin.de/en/airports-and-stations/1872865-2932875-airport-berlin-brandenburg-ber.en.html |website=berlin.de |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025182145/https://www.berlin.de/en/airports-and-stations/1872865-2932875-airport-berlin-brandenburg-ber.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is to be further developed to bring the terminal capacity to approximately 55 million per year by 2040.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2019 |title=BER: A brief history of how not to build an airport |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/ber-a-brief-history-of-how-not-to-build-an-airport/ |date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425145806/https://www.tip-berlin.de/ber-a-brief-history-of-how-not-to-build-an-airport/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before the opening of the BER in Brandenburg, Berlin was served by Tegel Airport and Schönefeld Airport. Tegel Airport was within the city limits, and Schönefeld Airport was located at the same site as the BER. Both airports together handled 29.5&nbsp;million passengers in 2015. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in 50 countries from Berlin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlin-airport.de/en/press/press-releases/2014/2014-03-28-summer-flight-schedule/index.php |title=2014 summer flight schedule |website=FBB |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911063838/https://www.berlin-airport.de/en/press/press-releases/2014/2014-03-28-summer-flight-schedule/index.php |archive-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang|de|Tegel|italic=no}} Airport was a focus city for [[Lufthansa]] and [[Eurowings]] while Schönefeld served as an important destination for airlines like {{lang|de|[[Germania (airline)|Germania]]|italic=no}}, [[easyJet]] and [[Ryanair]]. Until 2008, Berlin was also served by the smaller [[Tempelhof Airport]], which functioned as a city airport, with a convenient location near the city center, allowing for quick transit times between the central business district and the airport. The airport grounds have since been turned into a city park.