Thomas More Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Legacy == [[File:APSjfb.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Statue of More at the [[Ateneo Law School]] chapel, [[Makati]], Philippines]] The steadfastness and courage with which More maintained his religious convictions, and his dignity during his imprisonment, trial, and execution, contributed much to More's posthumous reputation, particularly among Roman Catholics. His friend [[Erasmus]] defended More's character as "more pure than any snow" and described his genius as "such as England never had and never again will have."<ref>{{cite book|author=Daniel J. Boorstin|title=The Seekers: The Story of Man's Continuing Quest to Understand His World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B35joCqtHIwC&pg=PA154|year=1999|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|page=154|isbn=978-0-375-70475-8}}</ref> Upon learning of More's execution, [[Emperor Charles V]] said: "Had we been master of such a servant, we would rather have lost the best city of our dominions than such a worthy councillor."<ref name=britannica>Quoted in ''Britannica – The Online Encyclopedia'', article: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392018/Sir-Thomas-More ''Sir Thomas More'']</ref> [[G. K. Chesterton]], a Roman Catholic convert from the Church of England, predicted More "may come to be counted the greatest Englishman, or at least the greatest historical character in English history."<ref>{{cite book|author=Chesterton, G. K.|title=The Fame of Blessed Thomas More|year=1929|publisher=Sheed & Ward|location=London|page=63|author-link=G. K. Chesterton}}</ref> He wrote "the mind of More was like a diamond that a tyrant threw away into a ditch, because he could not break it."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chesterton |first1=G. K. |title=The Well and the Shallows |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Good Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkNZEAAAQBAJ&dq=mind+of+More+was+like+a+diamond+that+a+tyrant+threw+away+into+a+ditch,+because+he+could+not+break+it.&pg=PT165 |language=en}}</ref> Historian [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] called More "the first great Englishman whom we feel that we know, the most saintly of humanists, the most human of saints, the universal man of our cool northern renaissance."<ref name="oconnell">Cited in Marvin O'Connell, "A Man for all Seasons: an Historian's Demur," ''Catholic Dossier'' 8 no. 2 (March–April 2002): 16–19 [http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/politics/pg0078.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512092205/http://catholiceducation.org/articles/politics/pg0078.html |date=12 May 2008 }}</ref> [[Jonathan Swift]], an Anglican, wrote that More was "a person of the greatest virtue this kingdom ever produced".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.online-literature.com/swift/religion-church-vol-one/14/|title=Writings on Religion and the Church, Vol. I. by Jonathan Swift: Ch. 14: Concerning that Universal Hatred|author=Jonathan Swift}}</ref><ref>Jonathan Swift, '' Prose Works of Jonathan Swift'' v. 13, Oxford UP, 1959, p. 123</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/reputation.html|publisher=Thomas More Studies|title=Reputation |access-date=14 April 2011|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814194921/http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/reputation.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Some consider this quote to be of Samuel Johnson, although it is not found in Johnson's writings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7769|author=Kenny, Jack|title=A Man of Enduring Conscience|work=Resource Center|publisher=Catholic Culture via Trinity Communications|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="chambers">{{cite book|author=Chambers, R. W.|title=Sir Thomas More's Fame Among His Countrymen|year=1929|publisher=Sheed & Ward|location=London|page=13|author-link=Raymond Wilson Chambers}}</ref> Swift put More in the company of Socrates, Brutus, Epaminondas and Junius.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gury |first1=Jacques |title=The Image of Thomas More in the Age of Enlightenment |journal=XVII-XVIII. Revue de la Société d'études anglo-américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles |date=1987 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=53–61 |doi=10.3406/xvii.1987.1353 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xvii_0291-3798_1987_num_24_1_1353}}</ref> The metaphysical poet [[John Donne]], also honoured in their calendar by Anglicans,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Calendar |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |publisher=[[The Church of England|Church of England]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> was More's great-great-nephew.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=7819|title=Donne, John (1572–1631)|orig-year=2004|year=2011|last=Colclough|first=David}}</ref> US Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]] had a portrait of More in his office.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 30001965|title = Irish Perspectives on the Vietnam War|journal = Irish Studies in International Affairs|volume = 14|pages = 75–94|last1 = McNamara|first1 = Robert|year = 2003|doi = 10.3318/ISIA.2003.14.1.75| s2cid=153710978 }}</ref> Marxist theoreticians such as [[Karl Kautsky]] considered the book a critique of economic and social exploitation in pre-modern Europe and More is claimed to have influenced the development of socialist ideas.<ref name="Kautsky01a">{{cite book|author=Kautsky, Karl|title=Thomas More and his Utopia Part 3 Chapter 5 The Aim of Utopia|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1888/more/ch13.htm|date=1888|quote=Historians and economists who are perplexed by Utopia perceive in this name a subtle hint by More that he himself regarded his communism as an impracticable dream.|author-link=Karl Kautsky|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref> In 1963, ''[[Moreana]]'', an academic journal focusing on analysis of More and his writings, was founded.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moreau|first=Jean-Philippe|date=1992|title=Review of ''Miscellanea Moreana: Essays for Germain Marc'hadour''|journal=Études Anglaises|volume=45|issue=2|pages=202–204}}</ref> In 2002, More was placed at number 37 in the BBC's poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].<ref>Sue Parrill, William Baxter Robison (2013). "The Tudors on Film and Television", p. 92. McFarland,</ref> === Legal === More debated [[Christopher St Germain]] through various books: while agreeing on various issues on equity, More disagreed with secret witnesses, the admissibility of hearsay, and found St Germain's criticism of religious courts superficial or ignorant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtright |first1=Travis |title=The One Thomas More |date=2012 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt284wpm |jstor=j.ctt284wpm |isbn=978-0-8132-1995-0 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt284wpm |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref> More and St Germain's views on equity owed in part to the 15th Century humanist theologian, [[Jean Gerson]], who taught that consideration of the individual circumstances should be the norm not the exception.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazour-Matusevich |first1=Yelena |title=Some Aspects of Jean Gerson's Legal Influence in Sixteenth Century England: The Issue of Epikeia |journal=Journal of Early Modern Christianity |date=1 April 2017 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=47–62 |doi=10.1515/jemc-2017-0003|s2cid=164459672 }}</ref> Before More, English [[Lord Chancellor]]s tended to be clerics (with a role as [[Keeper of the King's Conscience]]); from More on, they tended to be lawyers.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of the English Constitution|trans-title=Englische Verfassungsgeschichte|last1=Gneist |first1=Rudolph |author-link1=Rudolf von Gneist |translator-last1=Ashworth |translator-first1= Philip|translator-link1= |date=1886 |publisher=[[William Clowes (printer)|William Clowes]] |location=London |volume=2|page=178}}</ref> A 1999 poll of legal British professionals nominated More as the person who most embodies the virtues of the law needed at the close of the millennium. The virtues were More's views on the primacy of conscience and his role in the practical establishment of the principle of [[Equity (law)|equity]] in English secular law through the [[Court of Chancery]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herian |first1=Robert |title=The Conscience of Thomas More: An Introduction to Equity in Modernity |journal=The Heythrop Journal |date=January 2022 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=64–75 |doi=10.1111/heyj.13507|s2cid=214203101 |url=https://oro.open.ac.uk/69459/9/69459.pdf }}</ref> === In literature and popular culture === [[William Roper (biographer)|William Roper]]'s biography of More (his father-in-law) was one of the first biographies in Modern English. ''[[Sir Thomas More (play)|Sir Thomas More]]'' is a play written circa 1592 in collaboration between [[Henry Chettle]], [[Anthony Munday]], [[William Shakespeare]], and others. In it More is portrayed as a wise and honest statesman. The original manuscript has survived as a handwritten text that shows many revisions by its several authors, as well as the censorious influence of [[Edmund Tylney]], [[Master of the Revels]] in the government of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]]. The script has since been published and has had several productions.<ref name="Long, William B. 1989 pages 49">Long, William B. ''The Occasion of the Book of Sir Thomas More''. Howard-Hill, T.H. editor. ''Shakespeare and Sir Thomas More; essays on the play and its Shakespearean Interest''. Cambridge University Press. (1989) {{ISBN|0-521-34658-4}}. pages 49–54</ref><ref>Gabrieli, Vittorio. Melchiori, Giorgio, editors ''Introduction''. Munday, Anthony. And others. ''Sir Thomas More''. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|0-7190-1544-8}}. Page 1</ref> In 1941, the 20th-century British author [[Elizabeth Goudge]] (1900–1984) wrote a short story, "The King's Servant", based on the last few years of Thomas More's life, seen through his family, and especially his adopted daughter, Anne Cresacre More.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rawlins |first1=Christine |title=Beyond the snow : the life and faith of Elizabeth Goudge |date=2015 |publisher=Westbow |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-1-4908-8619-0}}</ref> The 20th-century agnostic playwright [[Robert Bolt]] portrayed Thomas More as the [[tragic hero]] of his 1960 play ''[[A Man for All Seasons (play)|A Man for All Seasons]]''. The title is drawn from what [[Robert Whittington]] in 1520 wrote of More: <blockquote>More is a man of an angel's wit and singular learning. I know not his fellow. For where is the man of that gentleness, lowliness and affability? And, as time requireth, a man of marvelous mirth and pastimes, and sometime of as sad gravity. A man for all seasons.<ref name="oconnell" /></blockquote> In 1966, the play ''[[A Man for All Seasons (play)|A Man for All Seasons]]'' was adapted into a [[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|film]] with the same title. It was directed by [[Fred Zinnemann]] and adapted for the screen by the playwright. It stars [[Paul Scofield]], a noted British actor, who said that the part of Sir Thomas More was "the most difficult part I played."<ref>Gary O'Connor (2002), ''Paul Scofield: An Actor for All Seasons'', Applause Books. Page 150.</ref> The film won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] and Scofield won the [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor Oscar]]. In 1988 [[Charlton Heston]] starred in and directed a made-for-television film that restored the character of "the common man" that had been cut from the 1966 film. In the 1969 film ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]'', More is portrayed by actor [[William Squire]]. Catholic science fiction writer [[R. A. Lafferty]] wrote his novel ''[[Past Master (novel)|Past Master]]'' as a modern equivalent to More's ''Utopia'', which he saw as a satire. In this novel, Thomas More travels through time to the year 2535, where he is made king of the world "Astrobe", only to be beheaded after ruling for a mere nine days. One character compares More favourably to almost every other major historical figure: "He had one completely honest moment right at the end. I cannot think of anyone else who ever had one." [[Karl Zuchardt]]'s novel, ''[[Stirb du Narr!]]'' ("Die you fool!"), about More's struggle with [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry]], portrays More as an idealist bound to fail in the power struggle with a ruthless ruler and an unjust world. In her 2009 novel ''[[Wolf Hall]]'', its 2012 sequel ''[[Bring Up the Bodies]]'', and the final book of the trilogy, her 2020 ''[[The Mirror and the Light]]'', the novelist [[Hilary Mantel]] portrays More (from the perspective of a sympathetically portrayed [[Thomas Cromwell]]) as an unsympathetic persecutor of Protestants and an ally of the Habsburg empire. Literary critic James Wood in his book ''The Broken Estate'', a collection of essays, is critical of More and refers to him as "cruel in punishment, evasive in argument, lusty for power, and repressive in politics".<ref name="Wood2010">{{cite book|last=Wood|first=James|title=The Broken Estate: Essays on Literature and Belief|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiI8Kwd6j9AC&pg=PA15|year=2010|publisher=Picador|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-42956-0|page=15}}</ref> [[Aaron S. Zelman]]'s non-fiction book ''The State Versus the People'' includes a comparison of ''Utopia'' with Plato's ''Republic''. Zelman is undecided as to whether More was being ironic in his book or was genuinely advocating a [[police state]]. Zelman comments, "More is the only Christian saint to be honoured with a statue at the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]]."{{citation needed|date=April 2011}} By this Zelman implies that ''Utopia'' influenced [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s [[Bolsheviks]], despite their brutal repression of religion. Other biographers, such as [[Peter Ackroyd]], have offered a more sympathetic picture of More as both a sophisticated philosopher and man of letters, as well as a zealous Catholic who believed in the authority of the [[Holy See]] over [[Christendom]]. The protagonist of [[Walker Percy]]'s novels, ''[[Love in the Ruins]]'' and ''[[The Thanatos Syndrome]]'', is "Dr Thomas More", a reluctant Catholic and descendant of More. More is the focus of the [[Al Stewart]] song "A Man For All Seasons" from the 1978 album ''[[Time Passages]]'', and of the [[Far (band)|Far]] song "Sir", featured on the limited editions and 2008 re-release of their 1994 album ''[[Quick (album)|Quick]]''. In addition, the song "[[So Says I]]" by indie rock outfit [[The Shins]] alludes to the socialist interpretation of More's ''Utopia''. [[Jeremy Northam]] depicts More in the television series ''[[The Tudors]] ''as a peaceful man, as well as a devout Roman Catholic and loving family patriarch.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robison |first1=William B. |title=History, fiction, and the Tudors : sex, politics, power, and artistic license in the Showtime television series |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-43881-2 |page=13}}</ref> In [[David Starkey]]'s 2009 documentary series ''[[Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant]]'', More is depicted by Ryan Kiggell. More is depicted by [[Andrew Buchan]] in the television series ''[[The Spanish Princess]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nissen |first1=Dano |title=TV News Roundup: 'The Spanish Princess' Sets New and Returning Cast |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/tv-news-roundup-spanish-princess-casting-real-housewives-of-atlanta-season-12-1203350779/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=26 September 2019}}</ref> In the years 1968–2007 the [[University of San Francisco]]'s Gleeson Library Associates awarded the annual Sir Thomas More Medal for Book Collecting to private book collectors of note,<ref>[http://www.phil-hum-ren.uni-muenchen.de/W4RF/YaBB.pl?num=1242283350 USF perhaps considering to sell rare books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519071125/http://www.phil-hum-ren.uni-muenchen.de/W4RF/YaBB.pl?num=1242283350 |date=19 May 2021 }}, phil-hum-ren.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</ref> including [[Elmer Belt]],<ref>[https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/news/sangorski-manuscript-top-lot-pbas-sale-dr-elmer-belts-collection Sangorski Manuscript a Top Lot at PBA's Sale of Dr. Elmer Belt's Collection], finebooksmagazine.com. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</ref> [[Otto Schaefer]],<ref>[[Otto Schaefer]], "Aims in Book Collecting", ''The Record'', Gleeson Library Associates, Number 11, San Francisco: University of San Francisco, 1978.</ref> Albert Sperisen, John S. Mayfield and Lord Wardington.<ref>[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6641389.lord-wardington/ Lord Wardington], oxfordmail.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</ref> === Institutions named after More === {{Main|List of institutions named after Thomas More}} === Communism, socialism and anti-communism === {{anchor|SovietCommunism01a}}Having been praised "as a [[Communism|Communist]] hero by [[Karl Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels]], and [[Karl Kautsky]]" because of the Communist attitude to property in his ''Utopia'',<ref name=Margaret-L-King01a /> under [[Soviet Communism]] the name of Thomas More was in [[Alexander Garden Obelisk#Inscribed names|ninth position]] from the top of Moscow's Stele of Freedom (also known as the [[Alexander Garden Obelisk|Obelisk of Revolutionary Thinkers]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valavoi |first1=Dmitry |last2=Lapshina |first2=Henrietta |title=Names on an obelisk |date=1983 |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |location=Moscow |oclc=878939730|translator=[[Peter Greenwood]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> as one of the most influential thinkers "who promoted the liberation of humankind from oppression, arbitrariness, and exploitation."<ref group=note name="University-of-Dallas01a">{{cite web|year=2010|title=The Center for Thomas More Studies Art > Gallery > Moscow|url=http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/g-c1.html|access-date=20 December 2014|publisher=The Center for Thomas More Studies at The [[University of Dallas]]|quote=This monument, suggested by Lenin and built in 1918, lists Thomas More (ninth from the top) among the most influential thinkers "who promoted the liberation of humankind from oppression, arbitrariness, and exploitation." It is in Aleksndrovsky Garden near the Kremlin.|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115073923/http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/g-c1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This monument was erected in 1918 in Aleksandrovsky Garden near the [[Kremlin]] at [[Lenin]]'s suggestion.<ref name="Margaret-L-King01a" /><ref name="Guy2000">{{cite book|last=Guy|first=John Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf1lQgAACAAJ|title=Thomas More|publisher=Arnold|year=2000|isbn=978-0-340-73139-0|pages=95–96}}</ref><ref group=note name="University-of-Dallas01a" /> ''[[The Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'''s [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia#English|English translation]] (1979) described More as "the founder of [[Utopian socialism]]", the first person "to describe a society in which private property ... had been abolished" (a society in which the family was "a cell for the communist way of life"), and a thinker who "did not believe that the ideal society would be achieved through [[socialist revolution|revolution]]", but who "greatly influenced reformers of subsequent centuries, especially [[Étienne-Gabriel Morelly|Morelly]], [[François-Noël Babeuf|G. Babeuf]], [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]], [[Charles Fourier|C. Fourier]], [[Étienne Cabet|E. Cabet]], and other representatives of Utopian socialism."<ref group=note name="GreatSovietEnc01a">{{cite web| url= https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas+More |title="Thomas More." The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. 1970–1979. The Gale Group, Inc. |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com|The Free Dictionary [Internet]]]|date=1979 |access-date =14 September 2021 |quote=The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased. ... More, Thomas ... English humanist, statesman, and writer; founder of Utopian socialism. ... More is especially famous for the dialogue Utopia (1516; Russian translation, 1789), which describes the ideal society on the imaginary island of Utopia. ... He was the first to describe a society in which private property (even personal property) has been abolished, equality of consumption has been introduced (as in the early Christian communes), and production and the way of life have been socialized. ... The family, a cell for the communist way of life, is organized more as a productive unit than as a kinship unit. ... More did not believe that the ideal society would be achieved through revolution. Utopia ... greatly influenced reformers of subsequent centuries, especially Morelly, G. Babeuf, Saint-Simon, C. Fourier, E. Cabet, and other representatives of Utopian socialism. ... The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970–1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.}}</ref> ''Utopia'' also inspired [[Socialism|socialists]] such as [[William Morris]].<ref group=note name="CathEnc02a">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopaedia|title=St. Thomas More|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14689c.htm|year=1913|quote=The whole work is really an exercise of the imagination with much brilliant satire upon the world of More's own day. … there can be no doubt that he would have been delighted at entrapping William Morris, who discovered in it a complete gospel of Socialism}}</ref> Many see More's communism or socialism as purely satirical.<ref group=note name="CathEnc02a" /> In 1888, while praising More's communism, Karl Kautsky pointed out that "perplexed" historians and economists often saw the name ''Utopia'' (which means "no place") as "a subtle hint by More that he himself regarded his communism as an impracticable dream".<ref name="Kautsky01a" /> [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], the Russian [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning, anti-Communist author of ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]'', argued that Soviet communism needed enslavement and forced labour to survive, and that this had been " ...foreseen as far back as Thomas More, the great-grandfather of [[Socialism (Marxism)|socialism]], in his ''Utopia''".<ref group=note name="Bloom01a">{{cite book|author1=Bloom, Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-sVN2COG78C&q=%22Solzhenitsyn+insists+that+the+Soviet+system+cannot+survive+without+the+camps%22+%22Thomas+More%22+%22the+great-grandfather+of+socialism%22&pg=PA173|title=Enslavement Enslavement and Emancipation] and Emancipation|author2=Hobby, Blake|date=2010|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-60413-441-4|pages=173–174|quote=Moreover, Solzhenitsyn insists that the Soviet system cannot survive without the camps, that Soviet communism requires enslavement and forced labour. " ...foreseen as far back as Thomas More, the great-grandfather of socialism, in his ''Utopia'' [, the] labor of ''zeks'' was needed for degrading and particularly heavy work, which no one, under socialism, would wish to perform" (''Gulag'', Vol 3. 578).|author-link1=Harold Bloom|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> {{anchor|HK-antiCommunist01a}}In 2008, More was portrayed on stage in [[Hong Kong]] as an [[allegorical]] symbol of the [[Pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong|pan-democracy camp]] resisting the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in a translated and modified version of [[Robert Bolt]]'s play [[A Man for All Seasons (play)|''A Man for All Seasons'']].<ref name="ChapmanChen01a">{{cite book|author=Chen, Chapman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4-MqkBKvg4C&q=%22thomas+More%22+China&pg=PA48|title="Postcolonial Hong Kong Drama Translation" in "Beyond Borders: Translations Moving Languages, Literatures and Cultures"|publisher=[[:de:Frank & Timme|Frank & Timme GmbH]], Berlin|year=2011|isbn=978-3-86596-356-7|editor=Pekka Kujamäki|series=Volume 39 of TransÜD. Arbeiten zur Theorie und Praxis des Übersetzens und Dolmetschens|pages=47–54|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page