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Do not fill this in! == Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism == === Indonesia === [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Beeld van Shiva Dijeng-plateau TMnr 60037355.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Shiva sculpture, [[Dieng Plateau]] in [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]]] In [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Indonesian Shaivism]] the popular name for Shiva has been ''[[Batara Guru]]'', which is derived from Sanskrit ''Bhattāraka'' which means "noble lord".{{sfn|Ghose|1966|pp=16, 123, 494–495, 550–552}} He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all [[Guru]]s in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Ghose|1966|pp=130–131, 550–552}} However, the Batara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Batara Guru's wife in [[Southeast Asia]] is the same Hindu deity [[Durga]], who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others.<ref>Hariani Santiko (1997), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725 The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725 |date=22 August 2018 }}, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226</ref>{{sfn|Ghose|1966|pp=15–17}} In contrast to Hindu religious texts, whether Vedas or Puranas, in [[wayang|Javanese puppetry (wayang)]] books, Batara Guru is the king of the gods who regulates and creates the world system. In the classic book that is used as a reference for the puppeteers, it is said that Sanghyang Manikmaya or Batara Guru was created from a sparkling light by Sang Hyang Tunggal, along with the blackish light which is the origin of Ismaya.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ensiklopedi wayang Indonesia: A-B |volume=1 |editor=Sena Wangi |publisher=Sekretariat Nasional Pewayangan Indonesia |year=1999 |isbn=9799240018 |language=id |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pN9kAAAAMAAJ |page=259}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IytwAAAAMAAJ |page=525 |title=The British in Java, 1811–1816: a Javanese account |volume=10 |series=Oriental documents |editor=P. B. R. Carey |publisher=Oxford University Press, for British Academy |year=1992 |isbn=0197260624}}</ref> Shiva has been called Sadāśiva, Paramasiva, Mahādeva in benevolent forms, and Kāla, Bhairava, Mahākāla in his fierce forms.{{sfn|Ghose|1966|pp=15–17}} The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivite traditions found in the Indian subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).{{sfn|Ghose|1966|pp=155–157, 462–463}} During the pre-Islamic period on the island of [[Java]], Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions.{{sfn|Ghose|1966|pp=160–165}} The medieval-era Indonesian literature equates Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).<ref>J.L. Moens (1974), ''Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods'', T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550; {{oclc|10404094}}</ref> This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva.{{sfn|Ghose|1966|pp=4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253}} === Central Asia === The worship of Shiva became popular in [[Central Asia]] through the influence of the [[Hephthalite Empire]]<ref name="ReferenceA">P. 377 ''Classical Hinduism'' By Mariasusai Dhavamony</ref> and [[Kushan Empire]]. Shaivism was also popular in [[Sogdia]] and the [[Kingdom of Yutian]] as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan.<ref name="ReferenceB">Puri, P. 133 Buddhism in Central Asia</ref> In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread (''Yajnopavita'').<ref name="ReferenceB" /> He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> A panel from [[Dandan Oilik]] shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with Shakti kneeling on her right thigh.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="unesco427">{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_III%20silk%20road_religions%20and%20religious%20movements%20II.pdf|title=Request Rejected|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028122432/http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_III%20silk%20road_religions%20and%20religious%20movements%20II.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Another site in the [[Taklamakan Desert]] depicts him with four legs, seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> It is also noted that the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] wind god [[Vayu-Vata]] took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva.<ref name="unesco427" /> === Sikhism === The Japuji Sahib of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] says: "The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi."<ref>{{cite book|title=Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions|page=377|author=Winfried Corduan|publisher=InterVarsiry Press}}</ref> In the same chapter, it also says: "Shiva speaks, and the Siddhas listen." In [[Dasam Granth]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] has mentioned two avatars of Rudra: [[Dattatreya]] Avatar and [[Parasnath]] Avatar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&q=chaubis+avtar&pg=PA16|title=Dasam Granth|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-8170103257|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132114/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&q=chaubis+avtar&pg=PA16#v=snippet&q=chaubis%20avtar&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Buddhism === [[File:Tibetan thangka from AD 1500, Mahakala, Protector of the Tent, Central Tibet. Distemper on cloth- (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Mahakala]], {{Circa|1500 CE}} Tibetan Thangka]] Shiva is mentioned in the [[Buddhist Tantras]] and worshipped as the fierce deity [[Mahākāla]] in [[Vajrayana]], [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism|Chinese Esoteric]], and [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Bryson |author-first=Megan |year=2017 |chapter=Between China and Tibet: Mahākāla Worship and Esoteric Buddhism in the Dali Kingdom |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz-9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA402 |editor1-last=Bentor |editor1-first=Yael |editor2-last=Shahar |editor2-first=Meir |title=Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Studies on East Asian Religions |volume=1 |pages=402–428 |doi=10.1163/9789004340503_019 |isbn=978-9004340497 |issn=2452-0098 |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132129/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz-9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA402#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In the cosmologies of Buddhist Tantras, Shiva is depicted as passive, with Shakti being his active counterpart: Shiva as ''[[Prajñā (Buddhism)|Prajña]]'' and Shakti as ''[[Upaya|Upāya]]''.<ref name="Kalupahana 2001">{{cite book |last=Kalupahana |first=David J. |author-link=David Kalupahana |year=2001 |orig-year=1991 |chapter=Integration of Sūtra and Tantra: Śiva, Śakti interpreted as ''Prajña'', ''Upāya'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_FJcRDXhfQC&pg=PA95 |title=Buddhist Thought and Ritual |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=95 |isbn=978-8120817739 |oclc=487199178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aWyaaw9pC0C&pg=PA43 | title=What Is Tantric Practice? | author=Barnaby B. Dhs | page=43 |access-date=13 October 2013| isbn=978-1465330093 | date=2006| publisher=Xlibris Corporation }}</ref> In [[Mahayana Buddhism]], Shiva is depicted as [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Maheshvara]], a deva living in [[Akaniṣṭha|Akanishta Devaloka]]. In [[Theravada Buddhism]], Shiva is depicted as [[Ishana]], a deva residing in the 6th heaven of [[Kamadhatu]] along with [[Sakra (Buddhism)|Sakra Indra]]. In [[Vajrayana Buddhism]], Shiva is depicted as [[Mahakala]], a dharma protecting [[Bodhisattva]]. In most forms of Buddhism, the position of Shiva is lesser than that of [[Mahabrahma]] or [[Sakra (Buddhism)|Sakra Indra]]. In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Shiva (Maheshvara) becomes a buddha called Bhasmeshvara Buddha ("Buddha of ashes").{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In [[China]] and [[Taiwan]], Shiva, better known there as [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Maheśvara]] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 大自在天; [[pinyin]]: Dàzìzàitiān; or [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 摩醯首羅天 [[pinyin]]: Móxīshǒuluótiān) is considered one of the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty Devas]]'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 二十諸天, [[pinyin]]: Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Devas]]'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 二十四諸天, [[pinyin]]: Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are a group of ''[[dharmapala]]s'' that manifest to protect the Buddhist dharma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538|title=A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|first1=Lewis|last1=Hodous|first2=William Edward|last2=Soothill|isbn=0203641868|location=London|oclc=275253538|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131029/https://search.worldcat.org/title/275253538|url-status=live}}</ref> Statues of him are often enshrined in the [[Mahavira Hall]]s of [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Buddhist]] [[Buddhist temple|temples]] along with the other ''[[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]]''. In addition, he is also regarded as one of thirty-three manifestations of [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokitesvara]] in the [[Lotus Sutra]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson, Burton|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/247391640|title=The lotus sutra|date=1999|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=8170306337|oclc=247391640|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132118/https://search.worldcat.org/title/247391640|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist cosmology]], Maheśvara resides in [[Akaniṣṭha]], highest of the Śuddhāvāsa ("[[Pure Abodes]]") wherein [[Anāgāmi]] ("Non-returners") who are already on the path to [[Arhat]]hood and who will attain enlightenment are born. [[Daikokuten]], one of the [[Seven Lucky Gods]] in [[Japan]], is considered to be evolved from Shiva. The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jeremy|last=Roberts|title=Japanese Mythology A to Z|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdfgjV2kw6oC|isbn=978-1438128023}}</ref> The name is the Japanese equivalent of [[Mahākāla]], the Buddhist name for Shiva.<ref>{{cite book|first=Pratapaditya|last=Pal|title=Indian Sculpture: 700–1800|publisher=Los Angeles County Museum of Art|page=180}}</ref> {{gallery |title = Shiva has been [[Syncretism|merged]] with [[Deva (Buddhism)|Buddhist deities]] in [[East Asia]]n Buddhism |mode = nolines |align = center |File:Daikoku.jpg|[[Daikokuten]] is a Shiva-[[Ōkuninushi]] fusion deity in [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald Morse|title=Folk Legends from Tono: Japan's Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkmwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442248236|page=131}}</ref> |File:2016 Singapur, Chinatown, Świątynia i Muzeum Relikwi Zęba Buddy (30).jpg|[[Acala]] is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both [[China]] and Japan<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Russell Coulter|author2=Patricia Turner|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA182 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135963903|page=182}}</ref> |File:60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg|Statue of Shiva depicted as a [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Buddhist]] ''[[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]]'' on [[Mount Putuo]] Guanyin Dharma Realm in [[Zhejiang]], China }} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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