Russia

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Russia}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300
| align            = right
| caption_align    = center
| image1           = Владимир Путин (18-06-2023) (cropped).jpg|caption1=[[Vladimir Putin]]<br /><small>[[President of the Russian Federation|President]]</small>
| image2           = Mikhail Mishustin (2020-07-09).jpg|caption2=[[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of the Russian Federation|Prime Minister]]</small>
}}
[[File:Chart Constitution of Russia EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|A chart of the Russian political system]]
Russia, by 1993 constitution, is a [[symmetric federalism|symmetric federal]] republic with a [[semi-presidential system]], wherein the [[President of Russia|president]] is the [[head of state]],<ref name="(Article 80, § 1)">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=(Article 80, §&nbsp;1) |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm |access-date=27 December 2007 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416081229/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Prime Minister of Russia|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]].<ref name="cia"/> It is structured as a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] [[representative democracy]], with the federal government composed of three branches:<ref name="DeRouen-2005">{{cite book |first1=Karl R. |last1=DeRouen |first2=Uk |last2=Heo |title=Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies |url={{GBurl|id=wdeBgfmZI0cC|p=666}} |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-781-4 |page=666}}</ref>
* Legislative: The [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly of Russia]], made up of the 450-member [[State Duma]] and the 170-member [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]],<ref name="DeRouen-2005"/> adopts [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]] and the power of [[Impeachment in Russia|impeachment]] of the president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 5. The Federal Assembly {{!}} The Constitution of the Russian Federation|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm|access-date=4 February 2022|website=www.constitution.ru|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074020/http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Executive: The president is the [[Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces|commander-in-chief]] of the [[Russian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], and appoints the [[Government of Russia]] (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.<ref name="(Article 80, § 1)"/> The president may issue [[Decree of the President of Russia|decrees of unlimited scope]], so long as they do not contradict the constitution or federal law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Remington |first1=Thomas F. |title=Presidential Decrees in Russia: A Comparative Perspective |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-04079-3 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TK-BAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22russia%2Bdecree%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpresident%2Binpublisher:university%22&pg=PA48 |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004180304/https://books.google.com/books?id=TK-BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=%22russia+decree+of+the+president+inpublisher:university%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Judiciary of Russia|Judiciary]]: The [[Constitutional Court of Russia|Constitutional Court]], [[Supreme Court of Russia|Supreme Court]] and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president,<ref name="DeRouen-2005"/> interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 7. Judicial Power {{!}} The Constitution of the Russian Federation|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-08.htm|access-date=4 February 2022|website=www.constitution.ru|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025215135/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-08.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=(Article 81, §&nbsp;3) |url=https://rm.coe.int/constitution-of-the-russian-federation-en/1680a1a237 |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202212008/https://rm.coe.int/constitution-of-the-russian-federation-en/1680a1a237 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|In 2020, [[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|constitutional amendments]] were signed into law that limit the president to two terms overall rather than two consecutive terms, with this limit reset for current and previous presidents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53255964 |title=Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote |publisher=BBC |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713115630/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53255964 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). [[United Russia]] is the [[dominant-party system#Eurasia|dominant]] [[List of political parties in Russia|political party in Russia]], and has been described as "[[big tent]]" and the "[[party of power]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Politics of Dominant Party Formation: United Russia and Russia's Governors |last=Reuter |first=Ora John |jstor=27808691 |volume=62 |number=2 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=293–327 |date=March 2010 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|doi=10.1080/09668130903506847 |s2cid=153495141 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Konitzer|first1=Andrew|last2=Wegren|first2=Stephen K.|title=Federalism and Political Recentralization in the Russian Federation: United Russia as the Party of Power|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=36|number=4|year=2006|pages=503–522|journal=[[Publius (journal)|Publius]]|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl004|jstor=4624765}}</ref> Under the [[Russia under Vladimir Putin|administrations of Vladimir Putin]], Russia has experienced [[democratic backsliding]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |title=Russia and Europe: Building Bridges, Digging Trenches |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-99200-1 |editor1=Kjell Engelbrekt |pages= |editor2=Bertil Nygren |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133217/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kiyan|first=Olga|title=Russia & Democratic Backsliding: The Future of Putinism|date=9 April 2020|journal=[[Harvard International Review]]|publisher=[[Harvard International Relations Council]]|url=https://hir.harvard.edu/russia-democratic-backsliding-the-future-of-putinism/|access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213448/https://hir.harvard.edu/russia-democratic-backsliding-the-future-of-putinism/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has become an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian state]]<ref name="Kuzio-2016">{{cite journal|last=Kuzio|first=Taras|title=Nationalism and authoritarianism in Russia|journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies|year=2016|volume=49|number=1|pages=1–11|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.12.002|jstor=48610429}}</ref> under a [[dictatorship]],<ref name="Krzywdzinski"/><ref>{{Cite report |last=Fischer |first=Sabine |date=2022 |title=Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine |doi=10.18449/2022C30 |url=https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/256753 |hdl=10419/256753 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911191555/https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/256753 |url-status=live }}</ref> with Putin's policies being referred to as [[Putinism]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Brian D. Taylor | date = 2018 | title = The Code of Putinism | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 2–7 | isbn = 978-0-19-086731-7 | oclc = 1022076734}}</ref>

=== Political divisions ===
{{Main|Political divisions of Russia}}
Russia, by 1993 constitution, is a [[symmetric federalism|symmetric (with the possibility of an asymmetric configuration) federation]]. Unlike the Soviet [[Asymmetric federalism|asymmetric model]] of the RSFSR, where only republics were "subjects of the federation", the current constitution raised the status of other regions to the level of republics and made all regions equal with the title "subject of the federation". The regions of Russia have reserved areas of competence, but no regions have sovereignty, do not have the status of a sovereign state, do not have the right to indicate any sovereignty in their constitutions and do not have the right to secede from the country. The laws of the regions cannot contradict federal laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://base.garant.ru/12119810/|title=Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 07.06.2000 N 10-П "По делу о проверке конституционности отдельных положений Конституции Республики Алтай и Федерального закона "Об общих принципах организации законодательных (представительных) и исполнительных органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации" &#124; ГАРАНТ|website=base.garant.ru|access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410082832/https://base.garant.ru/12119810/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]]{{efn|Including bodies on territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine whose annexation has not been internationally recognised: the [[Republic of Crimea]] and the federal city of [[Sevastopol]] since the annexation of Crimea in 2014,<ref name="Pifer-2020"/> and territories set up following the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts]] in 2022.|name=disputed}} have equal representation—two delegates each—in the [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]], the [[upper house]] of the Federal Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 5. The Federal Assembly |work=[[Constitution of Russia]] |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm |access-date=27 December 2007 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074020/http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> They do, however, differ in the degree of [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomy]] they enjoy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KARTASHKIN |first1=V.A. |last2=ABASHIDZE |first2=A.KH. |year=2004 |jstor=24675138 |title=Autonomy in the Russian Federation: Theory and Practice |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |volume=10 |number=3 |pages=203–220 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|doi=10.1163/1571811031310738 }}</ref> The [[federal districts of Russia]] were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petrov |first=Nikolai |title=Seven Faces of Putin's Russia: Federal Districts as the New Level of State–Territorial Composition |jstor=26298005 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |journal=[[Security Dialogue]] |volume=33 |number=1 |date=March 2002 |pages=73–91|doi=10.1177/0967010602033001006 |s2cid=153455573 }}</ref> Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Martin |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/569035/EPRS_IDA(2015)569035_EN.pdf |title=Russia's constitutional structure |journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |date=2015 |access-date=3 November 2021 |isbn=978-92-823-8022-2 |doi=10.2861/664907 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226005739/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/569035/EPRS_IDA(2015)569035_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Map of federal subjects of Russia (2022), disputed Crimea and Donbass.svg|center|600px|frameless]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Federal subjects
! Governance
|-
| {{legend|#FFEC77|46&nbsp;[[oblasts of Russia|oblast]]s}}
| The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Henry E. |title=The Makeup and Breakup of Ethnofederal States: Why Russia Survives Where the USSR Fell |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |pages=55–70 |volume=3 |number=1 |date=March 2005 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]] |doi=10.1017/S153759270505005X |jstor=3688110|s2cid=145259594 }}</ref>
|-
| {{legend|#00C160|22&nbsp;[[Republics of Russia|republics]]}}
| Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific [[Ethnic groups in Russia|ethnic minority]], and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Orttung |first1=Robert |last2=Lussier |first2=Danielle |last3=Paetskaya |first3=Anna |title=The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders |publisher=[[EastWest Institute]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-7656-0559-7 |location=New York |pages=523–524}}</ref>
|-
| {{legend|#FF9400|9&nbsp;[[krais of Russia|krai]]s}}
| For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shabad |first=Theodore |title=Political-Administrative Divisions of the U.S.S.R., 1945 |journal=[[Geographical Review]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=36 |number=2 |pages=303–311 |date=April 1946 |doi=10.2307/210882 |jstor=210882|bibcode=1946GeoRv..36..303S }}</ref>
|-
| {{legend|#006989|4&nbsp;[[autonomous okrugs of Russia|autonomous okrugs]]}}
| Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharafutdinova |first=Gulnaz |title=When Do Elites Compete? The Determinants of Political Competition in Russian Regions |pages=273–293 |volume=38 |number=3 |date=April 2006 |journal=[[Comparative Politics]] |publisher=Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, [[City University of New York]] |doi=10.2307/20433998 |jstor=20433998}}</ref>
|-
| {{legend|#FF0037|3&nbsp;[[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]]}}
| Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as [[Sevastopol]] in Russian-occupied Ukraine).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelesh |first1=Yulia V. |last2=Bessonova |first2=Elena A. |title=Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country |journal=SHS Web of Conferences |url=https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2021/21/shsconf_icemt2021_05011.pdf |volume=110 |number=5011 |doi=10.1051/shsconf/202111005011 |date=11 June 2021 |page=05011 |s2cid=236655658 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127232543/https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2021/21/shsconf_icemt2021_05011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{legend|#C300FF|1&nbsp;autonomous oblast}}
| The only autonomous oblast is the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alessandro |first=Vitale |title=Ethnopolitics as Co-operation and Coexistence: The Case-Study of the Jewish Autonomous Region in Siberia |journal=Politeja |year=2015 |number=31/2 |pages=123–142 |jstor=24919780 |publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka |doi=10.12797/Politeja.12.2015.31_2.09|s2cid=132962208 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Russia}}
[[File:2019 Foto de família dos Líderes do G20.jpg|thumb|Putin with G20 counterparts in [[Osaka]], 2019]]
Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 [[member states of the United Nations|United Nations member states]], four [[List of states with limited recognition|partially-recognised state]]s, and three [[Member states of the United Nations#Observers and non-members|United Nations observer states]]; along with [[Russian embassies|144 embassies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |title=Global Diplomacy Index&nbsp;– Country Rank |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201012801/http://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russia is one of the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|five permanent members]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. It has historically been a [[great power]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B|number=11|title=Russia as a Great Power, 1815–2007|date=20 May 2008|journal=Journal of International Relations and Development|volume=11|pages=128–151|doi=10.1057/jird.2008.7|s2cid=143792013|doi-access=free}}</ref> and a former [[superpower]] as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union.<ref name="Reiman-2016"/> Russia is a member of the [[G20]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]. Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fish |first1=M. Steven |author1-link=Steven Fish |last2=Samarin |first2=Melissa |last3=Way |first3=Lucan Ahmad |title=Russia and the CIS in 2016 |year=2017 |jstor=26367728 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |volume=57 |number=1 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |pages=93–102|doi=10.1525/as.2017.57.1.93 }}</ref> the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sadri |first=Houman A. |title=Eurasian Economic Union (Eeu): a good idea or a Russian takeover? |jstor=43580687 |pages=553–561 |volume=81 |number=4 |year=2014 |journal=Rivista di studi politici internazionali |publisher=Maria Grazia Melchionni}}</ref> the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation|CSTO]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |title=What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=6 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412224018/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |last=Tiezzi |first=Shannon |title=Russia's 'Pivot to Asia' and the SCO |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=21 July 2015 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704104451/https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[BRICS]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Cynthia |title=Russia's BRICs Diplomacy: Rising Outsider with Dreams of an Insider |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=42 |number=1 |pages=38–73 |jstor=40587582 |journal=Polity |date=January 2010|doi=10.1057/pol.2009.18 |s2cid=54682547 }}</ref>

Russia maintains close relations [[Belarus–Russia relations|with neighbouring Belarus]], which is a part of the [[Union State]], a supranational confederation of the two states.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire |jstor=24907272 |journal=[[Foreign Policy Analysis (journal)|Foreign Policy Analysis]] |first=Kathleen J. |last=Hancock |volume=2 |number=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=117–136 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x |s2cid=153926665}}</ref> [[Serbia]] has been a [[Russia–Serbia relations|historically close ally]] of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1994 |jstor=40202977 |title=Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power  |journal=[[Canadian International Council|International Journal]] |first=Lenard J. |last=Cohen |volume=49 |number=4 |pages=814–845 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi=10.2307/40202977}}</ref> India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong [[India–Russia relations|strategic and diplomatic relationship]] since the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |title=Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |first=Emily |last=Tamkin |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112225311/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia wields influence across the [[geopolitics|geopolitically]] important [[South Caucasus]] and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nation |first=R Craig. |title=Russia and the Caucasus |journal=Connections |year=2015 |volume=14 |number=2 |pages=1–12 |jstor=26326394 |publisher=[[Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes]] |doi=10.11610/Connections.14.2.01|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanström |first=Niklas |title=Central Asia and Russian Relations: Breaking Out of the Russian Orbit? |journal=[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]] |volume=19 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=101–113 |jstor=24590931|quote=The Central Asian states have been dependent on Russia since they gained independence in 1991, not just in economic and energy terms, but also militarily and politically.}}</ref>

[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia<br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]". The list includes countries that have imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions against Russia]] for its invasion of Ukraine.]]
In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. Military intervention in the [[post-soviet states]] include a [[Russo-Georgian War|war with Georgia]] in 2008, and the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|invasion and destabilisation]] of Ukraine beginning in 2014. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the [[Middle East]], most significantly through military intervention in the [[Syrian civil war]]. [[Cyberwarfare by Russia|Cyberwarfare]] and [[airspace]] violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feinstein |first1=Scott G. |last2=Pirro |first2=Ellen B. |title=Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs |journal=International Politics |date=22 February 2021 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=817–834 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00285-5 |s2cid=231985182 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Russia's relations with [[Russia–Ukraine relations|neighbouring Ukraine]] and the Western world—especially the [[Russia–United States relations|United States]], the [[Russia–European Union relations|European Union]], the [[Russia and the United Nations|United Nations]] and [[NATO–Russia relations|NATO]]—have collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia|title=Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=24 February 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|quote=Ukraine has cut all diplomatic ties with Russia after President Vladimir Putin authorised an all-out invasion of Ukraine by land, air and sea.|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305163901/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Ilkka |title=Russia and the West |jstor=48573515 |number=12 |pages=112–119 |year=2018 |publisher=Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development |journal=Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development}}</ref> Relations between Russia and China have significantly [[Sino-Russian relations|strengthened bilaterally and economically]]; due to shared political interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bolt |first=Paul J. |title=Sino-Russian Relations in a Changing World Order |year=2014 |volume=8 |number=4 |jstor=26270816 |pages=47–69 |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]]}}</ref> [[Turkey]] and Russia share a complex [[Russia–Turkey relations|strategic, energy, and defence relationship]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Baev |first=Pavel |work=Russie.Nei.Reports |publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales|Ifri]] |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |title=Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals |date=May 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |number=35 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027233151/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia maintains [[Iran–Russia relations|cordial relations]] with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tarock |first=Adam |title=Iran and Russia in 'Strategic Alliance' |volume=18 |number=2 |date=June 1997 |pages= 207–223 |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.1080/01436599714911 |jstor=3993220|s2cid=153838744 }}</ref> Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the [[Arctic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/29/russia-in-arctic-critical-examination-pub-84181 |title=Russia in the Arctic – A Critical Examination |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |last3=Stronski |first3=Paul |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411145458/https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/29/russia-in-arctic-critical-examination-pub-84181 |url-status=live }}</ref> Asia-Pacific,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunt |first=Luke |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/russia-tries-to-boost-asia-ties-to-counter-indo-pacific-alliances/6272006.html |title=Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> Africa,<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[BBC]] |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413235807/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Middle East,<ref>{{cite report |last=Cerulli |first=Rossella |title=Russian Influence in the Middle East: Economics, Energy, and Soft Power |jstor=resrep19825 |date=1 September 2019 |pages=1–21 |publisher=American Security Project}}</ref> and Latin America.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shuya |first=Mason |title=Russian Influence in Latin America: a Response to NATO |jstor=26696258 |volume=12 |number=2 |year=2019 |pages=17–41 |journal=[[Journal of Strategic Security]] |publisher=[[University of South Florida]] |doi=10.5038/1944-0472.12.2.1727|s2cid=199756261 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to the [https://www.eiu.com/n/russia-can-count-on-support-from-many-developing-countries/ Economist Intelligence Unit], two-thirds of the world's population live in countries such as [[China]] or [[India]] that are neutral or leaning towards Russia.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Stengel |first1=Richard |title=Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe |url=https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818141722/https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Russian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Sukhoi Design Bureau, 054, Sukhoi Su-57 (49581303977).jpg|thumb|[[Sukhoi Su-57]], a [[fifth-generation fighter]] of the [[Russian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/08/russias-su-57-heavy-fighter-bomber-is-it-really-a-5th.html |title=Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? |work=[[RAND Corporation]] |author=Ryan Bauer and Peter A. Wilson |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322102224/https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/08/russias-su-57-heavy-fighter-bomber-is-it-really-a-5th.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The [[Russian Armed Forces]] are divided into the [[Russian Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], the [[Russian Navy|Navy]], and the [[Russian Aerospace Force|Aerospace Forces]]—and there are also two independent arms of service: the [[Strategic Missile Troops]] and the [[Russian Airborne Troops|Airborne Troops]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |title=Russia – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the military have around a million active-duty personnel, which is the world's [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|fifth-largest]], and about 2–20 million [[Military reserve force|reserve personnel]].<ref>{{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85743-988-5 |page=191}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nichol |first=Jim |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R42006.pdf |title=Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy |work=[[Congressional Research Service]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |date=24 August 2011 |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be [[conscription|drafted]] for a year of service in the Armed Forces.<ref name="cia"/>

Russia is among the five [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|recognised]] [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapons states]], with the world's [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|largest stockpile of nuclear weapons]]; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat |title=Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance |work=[[Arms Control Association]] |date=August 2020 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of [[ballistic missile submarine]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/data/military-capability/signature-capabilities/ballistic-missile-submarines/ |work=[[Asia Power Index]] |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |year=2021 |title=Ballistic missile submarines data |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> and is one of the only three countries operating [[strategic bomber]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=T. V. |last2=Wirtz |first2=James J. |last3=Fortmann |first3=Michael |url={{GBurl|id=9jy28vBqscQC|p=332}} |title=Balance of power: theory and practice in the 21st century |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |date=2004 |page=332 |isbn=978-0-8047-5017-2}}</ref> Russia maintains the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|third-highest military expenditure]], spending $86.4 billion in 2022, corresponding to around 4.1% of its GDP.'''''<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>''''' In 2021 it was the world's [[List of countries by arms exports|second-largest arms exporter]], and had a large and entirely indigenous [[Defense industry of Russia|defence industry]], producing most of its own military equipment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bowen |first=Andrew S. |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46937 |title=Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry |work=[[Congressional Research Service]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |date=14 October 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 }}</ref>

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Russia}}
[[File:Protest against the invasion of Ukraine (Yekaterinburg, February 24, 2022).jpg|thumb|Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, [[Anti-war protests in Russia (2022–present)|anti-war protests]] broke out across Russia. The protests have been met with widespread repression, leading to about 15,000 people being arrested.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shevchenko |first=Vitaliy |date=15 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60749064 |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>]]
Violations of [[human rights in Russia]] have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and [[human rights group]]s. In particular, [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/ |title=Russian Federation |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/russia |title=Russia |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

Since 2004, [[Freedom House]] has ranked Russia as "not free" in its ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2021 |title=Russia: Freedom in the World 2021 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |access-date=20 November 2021 }}</ref> Since 2011, the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its [[Democracy Index]], ranking it 144th out of 167 countries in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2024 |title=Where democracy is most at risk |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2024/02/14/four-lessons-from-the-2023-democracy-index |access-date=2024-02-15 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> In regards to [[media freedom in Russia|media freedom]], Russia was ranked 155th out of 180 countries in [[Reporters Without Borders]]' [[Press Freedom Index]] for 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/russia |title=Russia |work=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and [[Human rights defender|human rights activists]] for [[Elections in Russia|unfair elections]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Simmons |first=Ann M. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russias-opposition-candidates-struggle-to-make-a-mark-in-election-11631886631 |title=In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=18 September 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> crackdowns on [[Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia|opposition political parties and protests]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/putin-navalny-russian-opposition-crackdown.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/putin-navalny-russian-opposition-crackdown.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited |title=In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Seddon |first=Max |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e8889644-051c-41f6-a991-6a32091e5c54 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e8889644-051c-41f6-a991-6a32091e5c54 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> [[Russian undesirable organizations law|persecution of non-governmental organisations]] and enforced suppression and [[List of journalists killed in Russia|killings of independent journalists]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Goncharenko |first=Roman |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ngos-in-russia-battered-but-unbowed/a-41459467 |title=NGOs in Russia: Battered, but unbowed |work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]  |date=21 November 2017 |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Yaffa |first=Joshua |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-victims-of-putins-crackdown-on-the-press |title=The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Simon|first=Scott|title=Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling?|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/21/604497554/why-do-russian-journalists-keep-falling|date=21 April 2018|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> and [[Censorship in the Russian Federation|censorship]] of mass media and [[Internet censorship in Russia|internet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/18/russia-growing-internet-isolation-control-censorship |title=Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

Muslims, especially [[Salafi movement|Salafis]], have faced persecution in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |date=1 July 2015 |title=Russia Sees a Threat in Its Converts to Islam |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/02/world/russia-sees-a-threat-in-its-converts-to-islam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150704162736/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/02/world/russia-sees-a-threat-in-its-converts-to-islam.html?_r=0 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |issn=0362-4331|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=U.S. Report Says Russia Among 'Worst Violators' Of Religious Freedom |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-worst-violators-religious-freedom-report-iran-turkmenistan/31215737.html |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |language=en}}</ref> To quash the [[insurgency in the North Caucasus]], Russian authorities have been accused of indiscriminate killings,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clancy Chassay |date=19 September 2009 |title=Russian killings and kidnaps extend dirty war in Ingushetia |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/20/ingushetia-dirty-war-russia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221117075517/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/20/ingushetia-dirty-war-russia |archive-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> arrests, forced disappearances, and torture of civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DENIS SOKOLOV |date=20 August 2016 |title=Putin's Savage War Against Russia's 'New Muslims' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/putin-savage-war-against-russia-new-muslims-490783 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=🇷🇺Ingushetia: A second Chechnya? l People and Power |date=13 October 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_kHz8bhMFc&t=504s |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> In [[Dagestan]], some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations.<ref>{{Citation |title=Russia's Invisible War: Crackdown on Salafi Muslims in Dagestan |date=17 June 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfjsgSiBkZQ |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Associated Press]] |date=25 November 2015 |title=Russian Crackdown on Muslims Fuels Exodus to IS |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/russian-crackdown-on-muslims-fuels-exodus-to-islamic-state/3073139.html |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=en}}</ref> Chechens and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] in [[Russian prisons]] reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mairbek Vatchagaev |date=9 April 2015 |title=Abuse of Chechens and Ingush in Russian Prisons Creates Legions of Enemies |url=https://jamestown.org/program/abuse-of-chechens-and-ingush-in-russian-prisons-creates-legions-of-enemies-2/ |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref> During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up [[Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians|filtration camps]] where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to [[Filtration camp system in Chechnya|those used in the Chechen Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marquise Francis |date=7 April 2022 |title=What are Russian 'filtration camps'? |url=https://news.yahoo.com/what-are-russian-filtration-camps-194643731.html |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katie Bo Lillis, Kylie Atwood and Natasha Bertrand |title=Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/26/politics/ukraine-filtration-camps-forcibly-remove-russia/index.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[CNN]]|date=26 May 2022 }}</ref> Political repression also increased following the start of the invasion, with [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws|laws adopted]] that establish punishments for "discrediting" the armed forces.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weir |first1=Fred |title=In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison |work=CSMonitor.com |date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

Russia has introduced several restrictions on [[LGBT rights in Russia|LGBT rights]], including a 2020 ban on same-sex marriage and the designation of LGBT+ organisations such as the [[Russian LGBT Network]] as "[[foreign agent]]s".<ref>{{cite web | title=Russia, Homophobia and the Battle for 'Traditional Values' | website=Human Rights Watch | date=17 May 2023 | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/17/russia-homophobia-and-battle-traditional-values | access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia passes law banning 'LGBT propaganda' among adults |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/24/russia-passes-law-banning-lgbt-propaganda-adults |website=The Guardian |date=24 November 2022 |access-date=11 August 2023 |last1=Sauer |first1=Pjotr }}</ref>

===Corruption===
{{Main|Corruption in Russia}}
Russia's [[autocracy|autocratic]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Krastev|first=Ivan|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f9bcb5ac-ab05-4630-b641-ca3dbdbe4666 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f9bcb5ac-ab05-4630-b641-ca3dbdbe4666 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Putin's aggressive autocracy reduces Russian soft power to ashes|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=16 June 2022|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> political system has been variously described as a [[kleptocracy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fish |first=M. Steven |author-link=Steven Fish |title=What Has Russia Become? |jstor=26532689 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=50 |number=3 |date=April 2018 |pages=327–346 |publisher=[[City University of New York]] |location=New York City|doi=10.5129/001041518822704872 }}</ref> an [[oligarchy]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guriev|first1=Sergei|last2=Rachinsky|first2=Andrei|title=The Role of Oligarchs in Russian Capitalism|year=2005|volume=19|number=1|journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|pages=131–150|publisher=[[American Economic Association]]|doi=10.1257/0895330053147994 |jstor=4134996|s2cid=17653502 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and a [[plutocracy]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Åslund|first=Anders|year= 2019|title=Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy|pages=5–7|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-24486-1}}</ref> It was the lowest rated European country in [[Transparency International]]'s [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] for 2023, ranking 141th out of 180 countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=Corruptions Perceptions Index 2023 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023/index/rus |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption |url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/new-reports-highlight-russias-deep-seated-culture-corruption |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=26 January 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> It impacts various sectors, including the economy,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alferova |first=Ekaterina |date=26 October 2020|script-title=ru:В России предложили создать должность омбудсмена по борьбе с коррупцией|trans-title=Russia proposed to create the post of Ombudsman for the fight against corruption |url=https://iz.ru/1078501/2020-10-26/v-rossii-predlozhili-sozdat-dolzhnost-ombudsmena-po-borbe-s-korruptciei |access-date=5 November 2020|script-website=ru:Известия |website=[[Izvestia]] |language=ru}}</ref> business,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2020 |title=Russia Corruption Report |url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/russia/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=GAN Integrity }}</ref> [[Government of Russia|public administration]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Suhara, Manabu |title=Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf |publisher=[[Slavic-Eurasian Research Center]] |access-date=4 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Law enforcement in Russia|law enforcement]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerber |first1=Theodore P. |last2=Mendelson |first2=Sarah E. |author2-link=Sarah E. Mendelson |title=Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: A Case of Predatory Policing? |jstor=29734103 |journal=[[Law & Society Review]] |volume=42 |number=1 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |date=March 2008 |pages=1–44|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00333.x }}</ref> [[Healthcare in Russia|healthcare]],<ref>{{cite web |author1=Klara Sabirianova Peter |first2=Tetyana |last2=Zelenska |year=2010 |title=Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/corruption-pervades-russias-health-system/ |title=Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> [[Education in Russia|education]],<ref>{{cite web |first1=Elena |last1=Denisova-Schmidt |first2=Elvira |last2=Leontyeva |first3=Yaroslav |last3=Prytula |year=2014 |title=Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine |url=http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine |access-date=4 December 2015 |publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> and the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/corruption-russian-armed-forces|title=Corruption in the Russian Armed Forces|last1=Cranny-Evans|first1=Sam|last2=Ivshina|first2=Olga|date=12 May 2022|publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI)|location=[[Westminster]]|access-date=6 October 2022|quote=Corruption in the Russian armed forces, and society in general, has been a long-acknowledged truism.}}</ref>

=== Law and crime ===
{{Main|Law of Russia|Crime in Russia}}
The primary and fundamental statement of laws in Russia is the [[Constitution of the Russian Federation]]. Statutes, like the [[Russian Civil Code]] and the [[Russian Criminal Code]], are the predominant legal sources of Russian law.<ref>{{cite web | last=Yılmaz | first=Müleyke Nurefşan İkbal | title=With its Light and Dark Sides; The Unique Semi-Presidential System of the Russian Federation | website=Küresel Siyaset Merkezi | date=31 August 2020 | url=https://www.kureselsiyaset.org/with-its-light-and-dark-sides-the-unique-semi-presidential-system-of-the-russian-federation/ | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Partlett | first=William | title=Reclassifying Russian Law: Mechanisms, Outcomes, and Solutions for an Overly Politicized Field | website=Search eLibrary | date=7 July 2010 | ssrn=1197762 | url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1197762 | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=William E. |title=Criminal Code of the Russian Federation |year= 1999 |publisher=Springer}}</ref>

Russia has the world's second largest illegal arms trade market, after the United States, is ranked first in Europe and 32nd globally in the Global Organized Crime Index, and is among the countries with the highest number of people in prison.<ref>{{cite web | title=Criminality in Russia | website=The Organized Crime Index | date=4 May 2023 | url=https://ocindex.net/country/russia | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Organized Crime Index | website= The Organized Crime Index | url=https://ocindex.net/ | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Russia behind bars: the peculiarities of the Russian prison system | website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies | date=7 February 2019 | url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2019-02-07/russia-behind-bars-peculiarities-russian-prison-system | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>