Philippines

=== Values ===
{{Further|Filipino values}}
[[File:Core Value.JPG|thumb|alt=Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder|Statue in [[Iriga]] commemorating {{lang|fil|[[Mano (gesture)|mano po]]}}]]

Filipino [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]] are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in [[Philippine kinship|kinship]], obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161138/https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm|name=41}}}} They center around social harmony through {{lang|fil|[[pakikisama]]}},<ref name="Qiu-2004">{{cite book|editor-last1=Qiu |editor-first1=Renzong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C |title=Bioethics: Asian Perspectives: A Quest for Moral Diversity |series=Philosophy and Medicine |volume=80 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-1795-7 |language=en |author-link1=Qiu Renzong}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA74|name=74}}}} motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hallig |first1=Jason V. |title=Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs the Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness |journal=Didache: Faithful Teaching |volume=2 |issue=1 |issn=1536-0156 |url=http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |via=[[Nazarene Theological Seminary]] |pages=2, 10}}</ref><ref name="Warner-2014" /><ref name="Nadal-2011" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA47|name=47}}}} Reciprocity through {{lang|fil|[[utang na loob]]}} (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.<ref name="Qiu-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA76|name=76}}}}<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Alora |editor-first1=Angeles Tan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC |title=Beyond a Western Bioethics: Voices from the Developing World |editor-last2=Lumitao |editor-first2=Josephine M. |date=2001 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-58901-249-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC&pg=PA57 57] |language=en}}</ref> The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of {{lang|fil|hiya}} (shame)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabadda |first1=Emil V. |editor-last1=Gripaldo |editor-first1=Rolando M. |title=Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series IIID, Southeast Asia |volume=4 |date=2005 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-56518-225-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA35 35–39] |chapter=Chapter II: A Phenomenology of the Tagalog Notions of Hiya [Shame] and Dangal [Dignity] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA21}}</ref> and loss of {{lang|es|amor propio}} ([[self-esteem]]).<ref name="Warner-2014">{{cite book|editor-last1=Warner |editor-first1=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ |title=Culture and Management in Asia |date=March 5, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-49760-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 157] |language=en}}</ref>

The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith |first1=Bradford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C |title=Philanthropy in Communities of Color |last2=Shue |first2=Sylvia |last3=Vest |first3=Jennifer Lisa |last4=Villarreal |first4=Joseph |date=1999 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=978-0-253-11293-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C&pg=PA89 89–90] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Naylor |editor-first1=Larry L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC |title=Cultural Diversity in the United States |date=1997 |publisher=[[Bergin & Garvey]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-89789-479-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC&pg=PA179 179] |language=en}}</ref> Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as {{lang|fil|mano}} and the [[Filipino styles and honorifics|honorifics]] {{lang|fil|po}} and {{lang|fil|opo}} and {{lang|fil|kuya}} (older brother) or {{lang|fil|ate}} (older sister).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonifacio |first=Glenda Tibe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ |title=Pinay on the Prairies: Filipino Women and Transnational Identities |date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press|UBC Press]] |location=Vancouver, Canada |isbn=978-0-7748-2582-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 192] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Nadal |editor-first1=Kevin Leo Yabut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT660 |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies |title=Family Structure |editor-last2=Tintiangco-Cubales |editor-first2=Allyson |editor-last3=David |editor-first3=E. J. R. |date=November 3, 2022 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-0718-2901-1 |at=Hierarchy |language=en|editor-link1=Kevin Nadal}}</ref> Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, [[hospitality]], religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly [[Women in the Philippines|women]]), and integrity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talisayon |first1=Serafin D. |editor-last1=Dy |editor-first1=Manuel B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC |title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series III. Asia; Philippine Philosophical Studies |volume=7 |publisher=Office of Research and Publications, Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56518-040-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC&pg=PA155 155] |chapter=Chapter 13: Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines |chapter-url=https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804051616/https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref>
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