Manchester

===Literature===
[[File:Gaskell House Plymouth Grove front.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Gaskell House]], where Mrs Gaskell wrote most of her novels. The house is now a museum.]]
Manchester is a [[UNESCO]] [[City of Literature]] known for a "radical literary history".<ref>{{cite news |last=Royle |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature |title=A new chapter begins: Manchester named Unesco City of Literature |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112032227/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature |archive-date=12 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Atkinson |first=David |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour|title=A literary tour of Manchester|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001002106/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour |archive-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manchester in the 19th century featured in works highlighting the changes that industrialisation had brought. They include [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]'s novel ''[[Mary Barton]]: A Tale of Manchester Life'' (1848),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml |title=Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865) |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205145033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml |archive-date=5 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and studies such as ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]'' by [[Friedrich Engels]], while living and working here.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 |last=Engels |first=Fredrick |year=1892 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co |location=London |pages=45, 48–53 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html |via=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]] |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013114/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html| archive-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manchester was the meeting place of Engels and [[Karl Marx]]. The two began writing ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' in [[Chetham's Library]]<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Tristram Hunt |last1=Hunt |first1=Tristram |title=The Frock Coated Communist: A Revolutionary Life |date=2 June 2009 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0713998528 |page=129 }}</ref> – founded in 1653 and claiming to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world. Elsewhere in the city, the [[John Rylands Library]] holds an extensive collection of early printing. The [[Rylands Library Papyrus P52]], believed to be the earliest extant New Testament text, is on permanent display there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=John |title=Riches of the Rylands: The Special Collections of the University of Manchester Library |date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0719096358 |edition=1st}}</ref>

{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/Manchester|'Manchester' a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}
[[Letitia Landon]]'s poetical illustration ''Manchester'' to a vista over the city by G. Pickering in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835, records the rapid growth of the city and its cultural importance.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Bzk_AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA34-IA4|section=picture and poetical illustration|year=1834|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

[[Charles Dickens]] is reputed to have set his novel ''[[Hard Times (novel)|Hard Times]]'' in the city, and though partly modelled on [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], it shows the influence of his friend Mrs Gaskell.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html |title=Charles Dickens's Hard Times for These Times as an Industrial Novel |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028194622/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html |archive-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gaskell penned all her novels but ''Mary Barton'' at her home in [[84 Plymouth Grove]]. Often her house played host to influential authors: Dickens, [[Charlotte Brontë]], [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] and [[Charles Eliot Norton]], for example.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Nurden |first=Robert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514042503/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html |archive-date=14 May 2010 |title=An ending Dickens would have liked |work=The Independent |date=26 March 2006 |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=dead |location=London}}</ref> It is now open as a literary museum.

[[Charlotte Brontë]] began writing her novel ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' in 1846, while staying at lodgings in [[Hulme]]. She was accompanying her father [[Patrick Brontë|Patrick]], who was convalescing in the city after cataract surgery.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml |title=Jane Eyre: a Mancunian? |work=[[BBC]] |date=10 October 2006 |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> She probably envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and the birthplace of Jane herself.<ref>Alexander, Christine, and Sara L. Pearson. ''Celebrating Charlotte Brontë: Transforming Life into Literature in'' Jane Eyre. Brontë Society, 2016, p. 173.</ref> Also associated with the city is the Victorian poet and novelist [[Isabella Banks]], famed for her 1876 novel ''[[The Manchester Man (novel)|The Manchester Man]]''. Anglo-American author [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]] was born in the city's [[Cheetham Hill]] district in 1849, and wrote much of her classic children's novel ''[[The Secret Garden]]'' while visiting nearby Salford's [[Buile Hill Park]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Keeling |first=Neal |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923 |title=Derelict Buile Hill Mansion could be turned into Hilton hotel |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=3 May 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930025047/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923 |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

[[Anthony Burgess]] is among the 20th-century writers who made Manchester their home. He wrote here the [[dystopian]] satire ''[[A Clockwork Orange (novel)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' in 1962.<ref>See the essay "A Prophetic and Violent Masterpiece" by Theodore Dalrymple in "Not With a Bang but a Whimper" (2008) pp. 135–149.</ref> Dame [[Carol Ann Duffy]], [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate]] from 2009 to 2019, moved to the city in 1996 and lives in [[Didsbury|West Didsbury]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Forbes |first=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8 |title=Winning lines |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 August 2002 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213202550/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8|archive-date=13 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>