Harry S. Truman

==== Worldwide defense ====
[[File:Photograph of President Truman and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, with Nehru's sister, Madame Pandit, waving... - NARA - 200154.jpg|thumb|Truman and Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] during Nehru's visit to the United States, October 1949]]

The escalation of the Cold War was highlighted by Truman's approval of [[NSC 68]], a secret statement of foreign policy. It called for tripling the defense budget, and the globalization and militarization of containment policy whereby the United States and its NATO allies would respond militarily to actual Soviet expansion. The document was drafted by [[Paul Nitze]], who consulted State and Defense officials and was formally approved by President Truman as the official national strategy after the war began in Korea. It called for partial mobilization of the U.S. economy to build armaments faster than the Soviets. The plan called for strengthening Europe, weakening the Soviet Union, and building up the United States both militarily and economically.{{sfn|Wells|1979|pp=116–158}}

[[File:Photograph of the Shah of Iran speaking at Washington National Airport, during ceremonies welcoming him to the United... - NARA - 200143.tif|thumb|left|Truman and Shah of Iran [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] speaking at [[Washington National Airport]], during ceremonies welcoming him to the United States]]

Truman was a strong supporter of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), which established a formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and democratic European nations of the [[Western Bloc]] following World War II. The treaty establishing it was widely popular and easily passed the Senate in 1949; Truman appointed General Eisenhower as commander. NATO's goals were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and to send a clear message to communist leaders that the world's democracies were willing and able to build new security structures in support of democratic ideals. The United States, Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland, and Canada were the original treaty signatories. The alliance resulted in the Soviets establishing a similar alliance, called the [[Warsaw Pact]].{{sfn|McCoy|1984|pp=197–199, 232}}{{sfn|Dallek|2008|pp=89–91}}

General Marshall was Truman's principal adviser on foreign policy matters, influencing such decisions as the U.S. choice against offering direct military aid to [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese Civil War against their communist opponents. Marshall's opinion was contrary to the counsel of almost all of Truman's other advisers; Marshall thought propping up Chiang's forces would drain U.S. resources necessary for Europe to deter the Soviets.{{sfn |May|2002|pp=1001–1010}} When the communists took control of the mainland, establishing the People's Republic of China and driving the nationalists to [[Taiwan]], Truman would have been willing to maintain some relationship between the United States and the new government, but Mao was unwilling.{{sfn|Ferrell|1994|pp=217–218, 224}} Truman announced on January 5, 1950, that the United States would not engage in any dispute involving the Taiwan Strait, and that he would not intervene in the event of an attack by the PRC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry S. Truman, "Statement on Formosa," January 5, 1950|url=http://china.usc.edu/harry-s-truman-%E2%80%9Cstatement-formosa%E2%80%9D-january-5-1950|publisher=[[University of Southern California|US-China Institute {{!}} University of Southern California]]|access-date=April 2, 2019}}</ref>

On June 27, 1950, after the outbreak of fighting in Korea, Truman ordered the U.S. Navy's [[United States Seventh Fleet|Seventh Fleet]] into the [[Taiwan Strait]] to prevent further conflict between the communist government on the China mainland and the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan.{{sfn|Donovan|1983|pp=198–199}}<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.history.navy.mil/colloquia/cch3c.htm |title = The Seventh Fleet in Chinese Waters |author = Marolda, Edward J. |access-date = December 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140526013317/http://www.history.navy.mil/colloquia/cch3c.htm |archive-date = May 26, 2014 |website=Naval History and Heritage Command }}</ref>

Truman usually worked well with his top staff – the exceptions were Israel in 1948 and Spain in 1945–1950. Truman was a very strong opponent of [[Francisco Franco]], the right-wing dictator of Spain. He withdrew the American ambassador (but diplomatic relations were not formally broken), kept Spain out of the UN, and rejected any Marshall Plan financial aid to Spain. However, as the Cold War escalated, support for Spain was strong in Congress, the Pentagon, the business community and other influential elements especially Catholics and cotton growers.

Liberal opposition to Spain had faded after the Wallace element broke with the Democratic Party in 1948; the CIO became passive on the issue. As Secretary of State Acheson increased his pressure on Truman, the president stood alone in his administration as his own top appointees wanted to normalize relations. When China entered the Korean War and pushed American forces back, the argument for allies became irresistible. Admitting he was "overruled and worn down," Truman relented and sent an ambassador and made loans available.<ref>Mark S. Byrnes, {{" '}}Overruled and Worn Down': Truman Sends an Ambassador to Spain". ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 29.2 (1999): 263–279.</ref>