Germany Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Art, design and architecture === {{Main|German art|Architecture of Germany|German fashion}} {{multiple image |align=right |width1=132 |image1=Caspar David Friedrich - Wanderer above the sea of fog.jpg |caption1=[[Caspar David Friedrich|C.D. Friedrich]], ''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'' (1818) |width2=155 |image2=Franz Marc 020.jpg |caption2=[[Franz Marc]], ''Roe Deer in the Forest'' (1914) }} German painters have influenced [[Art of Europe|Western art]]. [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], [[Matthias Grünewald]] and [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] were important German artists of the [[Renaissance]], [[Johann Baptist Zimmermann]] of the [[Baroque]], [[Caspar David Friedrich]] and [[Carl Spitzweg]] of [[Romanticism]], [[Max Liebermann]] of [[Impressionism]] and [[Max Ernst]] of [[Surrealism]]. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; {{lang|de|[[Die Brücke]]}} (The Bridge) and {{lang|de|[[Der Blaue Reiter]]}} (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of [[German Expressionism|expressionism]] in Munich and Berlin. The [[New Objectivity]] arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include [[neo-expressionism]] and the [[New Leipzig School]].<ref name="groveart">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Grove Art Online|author1=David Jenkinson|author2=Günther Binding|author2-link=Günther Binding|author3=Doris Kutschbach|author4=Ulrich Knapp|author5=Howard Caygill|author5-link=Howard Caygill|author6=Achim Preiss|author7=Helmut Börsch-Supan|author8=Thomas Kliemann|author9=April Eisman|author10=Klaus Niehr|author11=Jeffrey Chipps Smith|author12=Ulrich Leben|author13=Heidrun Zinnkann|author14=Angelika Steinmetz|author15=Walter Spiegl|author16=G. Reinheckel|author17=Hannelore Müller|author18=Gerhard Bott|author19=Peter Hornsby|author20=Anna Beatriz Chadour|author21=Erika Speel|author22=A. Kenneth Snowman|author23=Brigitte Dinger|author24=Annamaria Giusti|author25=Harald Olbrich|author26=Christian Herchenröder|author27=David Alan Robertson|author28=Dominic R. Stone|author29=Eduard Isphording|author30=Heinrich Dilly|title=Germany, Federal Republic of|date=10 December 2018|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T031531|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref> German designers became early leaders of modern [[product design]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5918142/8-beautiful-things-from-bauhaus-the-single-most-influential-school-of-design |title=Bauhaus: The Single Most Influential School of Design |date=13 June 2012 |website=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221015122/http://gizmodo.com/5918142/8-beautiful-things-from-bauhaus-the-single-most-influential-school-of-design |archivedate=21 December 2014}}</ref> The [[Berlin Fashion Week]] and the fashion trade fair [[Bread and Butter tradeshow|Bread & Butter]] are held twice a year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844 |title=Berlin as a fashion capital: the improbable rise |date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Fashion United UK |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508051452/http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844 |archivedate=8 May 2015}}</ref> Architectural contributions from Germany include the [[Carolingian architecture|Carolingian]] and [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian styles]], which were precursors of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. [[Brick Gothic]] is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. [[Weser Renaissance]]).<ref name="groveart" /> [[Vernacular architecture]] in Germany is often identified by its [[Fachwerkhaus|timber framing]] ({{lang|de|Fachwerk}}) traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles.<ref name="Heinrich Stiewe 2007">{{cite book|first=Heinrich |last=Stiewe|year=2007|title=Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute|publisher=Primus Verlag|isbn=978-3-89678-589-3}}</ref> When industrialisation spread across Europe, [[classicism]] and a distinctive style of [[Historicism (art)|historicism]] developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as {{lang|de|[[Gründerzeit]]}} ''style''. [[Expressionist architecture]] developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced [[Art Deco]] and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early [[modern architecture|modernist movement]]: it is the home of [[Deutscher Werkbund|Werkbund]] initiated by [[Hermann Muthesius]] ([[New Objectivity (architecture)|New Objectivity]]), and of the [[Bauhaus]] movement founded by [[Walter Gropius]].<ref name="groveart" /> [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade [[skyscraper]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0 |title=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-860678-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0/page/880 880] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Renowned contemporary [[List of German architects|architects]] and offices include [[Pritzker Prize]] winners [[Gottfried Böhm]] and [[Frei Otto]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=100 Contemporary Architects |last=Jodidio |first=Philip |year=2008 |publisher=Taschen |isbn=978-3-8365-0091-3 |edition=1}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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