Excommunication

== Judaism ==
''[[Herem (censure)|Herem]]'' is the highest ecclesiastical censure in [[Judaism]]. It is the total exclusion of a person from the [[Jew]]ish community. Except for cases in the [[Charedi]] community, ''cherem'' stopped existing after [[The Enlightenment]], when local Jewish communities lost their political autonomy, and Jews were integrated into the gentile nations in which they lived.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35978328|title=My secret life as a gay ultra-Orthodox Jew|date=2016-04-11|access-date=2019-07-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> A ''[[siruv]]'' order, equivalent to a [[contempt of court]], issued by a [[Rabbinical court]] may also limit religious participation.

Rabbinical conferences of movements do expel members from time to time,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/news/323587/when-reform-leaders-downplay-charges-of-rabbis-behaving-badly/|title=When Reform Leaders Downplay Charges of Rabbis Behaving Badly|date=2 November 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/2015/06/12/news-opinion/united-states/rabbi-marc-schneier-blames-rca-expulsion-on-mail|title=Hamptons rabbi blames expulsion on mail snafu, not affair|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?aid=/20121104/cityandregion/121109641/1057|title=Expelled rabbi's role in High Holy Day service condemned|work=buffaloNews.com|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121155211/http://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?aid=%2F20121104%2Fcityandregion%2F121109641%2F1057|archive-date=21 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> but sometimes choose the lesser penalty of censuring the offending rabbi.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/27/nyregion/rabbi-is-censured-not-expelled-by-her-conservative-colleagues.html |title = Rabbi is Censured, Not Expelled, by Her Conservative Colleagues|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 27 January 2005|last1 = Berger|first1 = Joseph}}</ref> Between 2010 and 2015, the [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jewish]] [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] expelled six rabbis, the [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] [[Rabbinical Council of America]] expelled three, and the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jewish]] [[Rabbinical Assembly]] expelled one, suspended three, and caused one to resign without eligibility for reinstatement.<ref name="forward.com">{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/news/309828/whos-investigating-the-rabbis-who-cross-the-line/|title=Who's Investigating Rabbis Who Cross the Line?|date=11 June 2015|work=The Forward}}</ref> While the CCAR and RCA were relatively shy about their reasons for expelling rabbis, the RA was more open about its reasons for kicking rabbis out. Reasons for expulsion from the three conferences include sexual misconduct, failure to comply with ethics investigations, setting up conversion groups without the conference's approval, stealing money from congregations, other financial misconduct, and getting arrested.<ref name="forward.com"/>

Judaism, like Unitarian Universalism, tends towards [[Congregationalist polity|congregationalism]], and so decisions to exclude from a community of worship often depend on the congregation. Congregational bylaws sometimes enable the board of a synagogue to ask individuals to leave<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/articles/item/getting_kicked_out_of_shul_20061208|title=Getting kicked out of shul – Articles|work=Jewish Journal|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122050759/http://www.jewishjournal.com/articles/item/getting_kicked_out_of_shul_20061208|archive-date=22 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> or not to enter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/convicted-of-soliciting-a-minor-rabbi-is-banned-from-dc-area-synagogue/|title=Convicted of soliciting a minor, rabbi is banned from DC-area synagogue|work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vosizneias.com/27950/2009/02/24/vilnius-lithuania-chabad-rabbi-in-vilna-banned-from-main-shul-by-the-jewish-kehilla/|title=Vilnius, Lithuania – Chabad Rabbi in Vilna Banned from Main Shul by the Jewish Kehilla|work=vosizneias.com|date=24 February 2009}}</ref>