Austria Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Austria}} ===Music=== <!---Wikipedia:WikiProject Countries. Caution should be taken to ensure that the section is not simply a listing of names or mini biographies.--> {{Main|Music of Austria}} [[File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]]] Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music.<ref name="b1">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/The-arts | title=Austria - Music, Art, Theater | Britannica | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218121104/https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/The-arts | url-status=live }}</ref> Austria was the birthplace of many [[Music of Austria|famous composers]] such as [[Haydn|Joseph Haydn]],<ref name="jh">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Haydn | title=Joseph Haydn | Biography, Compositions, & Facts | Britannica | date=23 January 2024 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=31 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031140949/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Haydn | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Michael Haydn]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Haydn | title=Michael Haydn | Austrian composer, symphonies, operas | Britannica | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=3 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703174909/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Haydn | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Franz Liszt]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Liszt | title=Franz Liszt | Biography, Music, Compositions, Famous Works, Children, & Facts | Britannica | date=16 February 2024 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=27 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127063927/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Liszt | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Franz Schubert]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Schubert | title=Franz Schubert | Biography, Music, & Facts | Britannica | date=27 January 2024 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=19 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219191403/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Schubert | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anton Bruckner]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Bruckner | title=Anton Bruckner | Austrian Composer & Romantic Symphony Writer | Britannica | date=19 February 2024 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=30 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130053255/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Bruckner | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Johann Strauss Sr.]], and [[Johann Strauss Jr.]], as well as members of the [[Second Viennese School]] such as [[Arnold Schoenberg]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnold-Schoenberg | title=Arnold Schoenberg | Biography, Compositions, & Facts | Britannica | date=March 2024 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=13 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613011146/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnold-Schoenberg | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anton Webern]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Webern | title=Anton Webern | Austrian Composer & 12-Tone Pioneer | Britannica | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=7 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221042/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Webern | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Alban Berg]]. [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart | title=Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Biography, Music, the Magic Flute, & Facts | Britannica | date=8 February 2024 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=5 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705020322/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart | url-status=live }}</ref> was born in [[Salzburg]], then an independent Church Principality of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.<ref name="bv"/> Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the [[Baroque period]], Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.<ref name="bv">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vienna/Cultural-life | title=Vienna - Culture, Music, Art | Britannica | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218121105/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vienna/Cultural-life | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:StateOperaViennaNightBackside.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Vienna State Opera]]]] Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the [[lute]]. [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current [[national anthem]], attributed to Mozart, was chosen after [[World War II]] to replace the [[Sei gesegnet ohne Ende|traditional Austrian anthem]] by Joseph Haydn.<ref name="bv"/><ref name="jh"/> Austrian [[Herbert von Karajan]] was principal conductor of the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.<ref name="NYT obit">{{Cite news |last=Rockwell |first=John |date=17 July 1989 |title=Herbert von Karajan Is Dead; Musical Perfectionist was 81 |pages=A1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/17/obituaries/herbert-von-karajan-is-dead-musical-perfectionist-was-81.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712135148/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/17/obituaries/herbert-von-karajan-is-dead-musical-perfectionist-was-81.html |archive-date=12 July 2018 }}</ref> ===Cinema and theatre=== <!---Wikipedia:WikiProject Countries. Caution should be taken to ensure that the section is not simply a listing of names or mini biographies.--> {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}} [[File:Arnold Schwarzenegger by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], a well-known Austrian and American actor and filmmaker.]] [[Sascha Kolowrat]] was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. [[Billy Wilder]], [[Fritz Lang]], [[Josef von Sternberg]], and [[Fred Zinnemann]] originally came from the Austrian Empire before establishing themselves as internationally relevant filmmakers. [[Willi Forst]], [[Ernst Marischka]], and [[Franz Antel]] enriched the popular cinema in German-speaking countries. [[Michael Haneke]] became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, receiving a [[Golden Globe]] for his critically acclaimed film ''[[The White Ribbon]]'' (2010). The first Austrian director to receive an [[Academy Award]] was [[Stefan Ruzowitzky]]. A number of Austrian actors also pursued international careers, among them [[Peter Lorre]], [[Helmut Berger]], [[Curd Jürgens]], [[Senta Berger]], [[Oskar Werner]], and [[Klaus Maria Brandauer]]. Most notably, [[Hedy Lamarr]] and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] became international movie stars in Hollywood. [[Christoph Waltz]] rose to fame with his performances in ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' and ''[[Django Unchained]]'', earning him the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in 2010 and 2012. [[Max Reinhardt]] was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. [[Otto Schenk]] not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director. ===Science and philosophy=== {{More citations needed section|date=December 2023}} {{Further|Austrian School|Vienna circle|List of Austrian scientists}} [[File:Young Kurt Gödel as a student in 1925.jpg|thumb|[[Kurt Gödel]] as a student in 1925]] Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are [[Ludwig Boltzmann]], [[Ernst Mach]], [[Victor Franz Hess]], and [[Christian Doppler]], prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by [[Lise Meitner]], [[Erwin Schrödinger]], and [[Wolfgang Pauli]] to nuclear research and [[quantum mechanics]] were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. Prominent present-day [[quantum physics|quantum physicists]] are [[Anton Zeilinger]] and [[Peter Zoller]] renown for important developments in [[quantum optics]] and [[quantum information]]. In addition to [[physicist]]s, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] and [[Karl Popper]]. In addition to them, biologists [[Gregor Mendel]] and [[Konrad Lorenz]] as well as mathematician [[Kurt Gödel]] and engineers such as [[Ferdinand Porsche]] and [[Siegfried Marcus]] were Austrians. [[Bertha von Suttner]] became the first woman to be awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], and the first Austrian laureate. A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in [[medieval times]] with [[Paracelsus]]. Eminent physicians like [[Theodore Billroth]], [[Clemens von Pirquet]], and [[Anton Eiselsberg|Anton von Eiselsberg]] have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to [[Sigmund Freud]], founder of [[psychoanalysis]], [[Alfred Adler]], founder of [[Individual psychology]], psychologists [[Paul Watzlawick]] and [[Hans Asperger]], and psychiatrist [[Viktor Frankl]]. Austria was ranked 18th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |date=11 January 2024 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RTD – Item |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Global Innovation Index |url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=INSEAD Knowledge |language=en}}</ref> The [[Austrian School]] of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists [[Carl Menger]], [[Joseph Schumpeter]], [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], and [[Friedrich Hayek]]. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker [[Peter Drucker]], sociologist [[Paul Felix Lazarsfeld]], and scientist [[Gustav Nossal|Sir Gustav Nossal]]. ===Food and beverages=== {{More citations needed section|date=December 2023}} {{Main|Austrian cuisine}} [[File:2015 0731 Apfelstrudel Vanillesoße Edelweisshütte Sölden.jpg|thumb|right|Apple strudel, served with vanilla sauce, in [[Tirol (state)|Tirol]] Austria]][[File:Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg|thumb|right|''Wiener Schnitzel'', a traditional Austrian dish]] Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" tradition of bakeries, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "[[Apfelstrudel]]" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "[[Millirahmstrudel]]" (milk-cream strudel). In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarian]], [[Czech Republic|Czech]], [[Polish cuisine|Polish]], [[Jewish cuisine|Jewish]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Balkan]], and [[French cuisine|French]] cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe. Typical Austrian dishes include [[Wiener Schnitzel]], Schweinsbraten, [[Kaiserschmarren]], [[Knödel]], [[Sachertorte]], and [[Tafelspitz]]. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. [[Cantharellus|Eierschwammerl]] dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser [[Pez]] was invented in Austria, as well as [[Manner (confectionary)|Mannerschnitten]]. Austria is also famous for its [[Mozartkugel]]n and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Lora |date=13 April 2018 |title=Coffee: Who grows, drinks and pays the most? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43742686 |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613115037/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43742686 |archive-date=13 June 2018 }}</ref> Beer is sold in 0.2-litre (a ''Pfiff''), 0.3-litre (a ''Seidel'', ''kleines Bier'' or ''Glas Bier'') and 0.5-litre (a ''Krügerl'' or ''großes Bier'' or ''Halbe'') measures. At festivals one litre ''Maß'' and two-litre ''Doppelmaß'' in the [[Bavaria]]n style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are [[lager]] (known as ''Märzen'' in Austria), naturally cloudy ''Zwicklbier'' and [[wheat beer]]. At holidays like Christmas and Easter [[bock]] beer is also available. The most important wine-producing areas are in [[Lower Austria]], [[Burgenland]], [[Styria]], and Vienna. The [[Grüner Veltliner]] grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gruner Veltliner Wine |url=http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301165955/http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |publisher=Wine-Searcher }}</ref> and [[Zweigelt]] is the most widely planted red wine grape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zweigelt Wine |url=http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-645-zweigelt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207055743/http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-645-zweigelt |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |publisher=Wine-Searcher }}</ref> In [[Upper Austria]], Lower Austria, Styria, and [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]], ''Most'', a type of [[cider]] or [[perry]], is widely produced. A [[Schnapps]] of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit [[brandy]] is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example [[apricot]]s and [[rowan]]berries. The produce of small private schnapps [[distillery|distilleries]], of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as ''Selbstgebrannter'' or ''Hausbrand''. Local soft drinks such as [[Almdudler]] are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of [[Fanta|Orange Fanta]] or the more locally renowned [[Frucade]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} [[Red Bull]], the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by [[Dietrich Mateschitz]], an Austrian entrepreneur. ===Sports=== <!---Wikipedia:WikiProject Countries. Caution should be taken to ensure that the section is not simply a listing of names or mini biographies.--> {{More citations needed section|date=December 2023}} {{Main|Sport in Austria}} [[File:Bergisel.jpg|thumb|[[Innsbruck]] hosted the [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]] and [[1976 Winter Olympics]], as well as the [[2012 Winter Youth Olympics]], the first in history.]] Due to the mountainous terrain, [[alpine skiing]] is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Horak |first1=Roman |last2=Spitaler |first2=Georg |date=2003 |title=Sport, Space and National Identity: Soccer and Skiing as Formative Forces: On the Austrian Example |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1508–1518 |doi=10.1177/0002764203046011004 |s2cid=144319167}}</ref> Similar sports such as [[snowboarding]] or [[ski-jumping]] are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as [[Annemarie Moser-Pröll]], [[Franz Klammer]], [[Hermann Maier]], [[Toni Sailer]], [[Benjamin Raich]], [[Marlies Schild]], and [[Marcel Hirscher]] are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, [[Armin Kogler]], [[Andreas Felder]], [[Ernst Vettori]], [[Andreas Goldberger]], [[Andreas Widhölzl]], [[Thomas Morgenstern]], and [[Gregor Schlierenzauer]] as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. [[Bobsleigh]], [[luge]], and [[skeleton (sport)|skeleton]] are also popular events with a permanent track located in [[Igls bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track|Igls]], which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]] and [[1976 Winter Olympics]] held in [[Innsbruck]]. The [[2012 Winter Youth Olympics|first Winter Youth Olympics]] in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.<ref name="WYO2012">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2008 |title=YOG Innsbruck 2012: Relive the announcement |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216073505/http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2890 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |access-date=24 December 2008 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> [[File:Fischer Sports franz-klammer 1976.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ski racer [[Franz Klammer]] won a gold medal at the [[1976 Winter Olympics]] in [[Innsbruck]].]] Football in Austria is governed by the [[Austrian Football Association]].<ref name="Football">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Österreichischer Fußballbund |url=http://www.oefb.at |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628120811/http://www.oefb.at |archive-date=28 June 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |website=ÖFB |language=de}}</ref> Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent, placing 4th at the [[1934 FIFA World Cup]], 3rd at the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]] and 7th at the [[1978 FIFA World Cup]]. However, Austrian football has not been internationally successful since the mid 20th century. Austria co-hosted the [[2008 UEFA European Football Championship]] with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the [[Austrian Bundesliga]], which includes teams such as record-champions [[SK Rapid Wien]], [[FK Austria Wien]], [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]], and [[Sturm Graz]]. Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the [[Austrian Hockey League]] for [[ice hockey]], [[Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga]] for basketball and the [[Austrian Football League]] for American football. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed [[Spanish Riding School of Vienna]] is located in Vienna. [[Niki Lauda]] was a [[Formula One]] driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers include [[Gerhard Berger]] and [[Jochen Rindt]]. Austria also hosts F1 races ([[Austrian Grand Prix]]); now held at the [[Red Bull Ring]], in the past also at the [[Österreichring]] and the [[Zeltweg Airfield]]. [[Thomas Muster]] is a former [[tennis]] player and was one of the world's leading [[clay court]] players in the 1990s. He won the [[1995 French Open]] and in 1996 was ranked [[List of ATP number 1 ranked players|number 1]] in the [[ATP rankings|ATP ranking]]. [[2020 US Open (tennis)|2020 US Open]] winner [[Dominic Thiem]] is also another prominent tennis player having been as high as world number 3 and also been in the finals of the [[French Open]] and [[Australian Open]]. Other well known Austrian tennis players include [[Horst Skoff]] and [[Jürgen Melzer]]. Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the [[Tour of Austria]] cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marschick |first=Matthias |date=Summer 2011 |title=Austrian Sport and the Challenges of Its Recent Historiography |journal=Journal of Sport History |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=189–198 |doi=10.5406/jsporthistory.38.2.189 |jstor=10.5406/jsporthistory.38.2.189 |s2cid=145300546}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norden |first=Gilbert |date=Spring 2001 |title=Austrian Sport Museums |url=http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH2001/JSH2801/JSH2801h.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Sport History |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114031850/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH2001/JSH2801/JSH2801h.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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