United Kingdom

=== Ethnicity ===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom}}
Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be [[Genetic history of the British Isles|descended from the various ethnic groups]] that settled there before the 12th century: the [[Celts]], Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Norse and the [[Normans]]. [[Welsh people]] could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2012 |title=Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735 |access-date=28 April 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The UK has a history of non-white immigration with [[Liverpool]] having the oldest Black population in the country dating back to at least the 1730s during the period of the African slave trade. During this period it is estimated the Afro-Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10,000 to 15,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2011 |title=Victoria and Albert Museum Black Presence |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/silver-service-slavery-the-black-presence-in-the-white-home/}}</ref> which later declined due to the abolition of slavery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winder |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ORcaQIgdcEC&q=combed&pg=PT94 |title=Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain |publisher=Little, Brown Book |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-7481-2396-4}}; {{Cite book |last=Costello |first=Ray |title=Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918 |publisher=Picton Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-873245-07-1 |location=Liverpool}}</ref> The UK also has the oldest [[British Chinese|Chinese]] community in Europe, dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community |url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724204513/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369 |archive-date=24 July 2009 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Chambré Hardman Trust}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=In [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]]}}, 87.2 per cent of the UK population identified themselves as white, meaning 12.8 per cent of the UK population identify themselves as of one of an [[minority group|ethnic minority]] group.<ref name="ethnicity2011">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Ethnic group
! colspan="2"|Population (absolute)
! colspan="2" |Population (per cent)
|-
! 2001
! 2011
!2001<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2004 |title=Population size: 7.9 per cent from a non-White ethnic group |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040619124235/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 |archive-date=19 June 2004 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>
! 2011<ref name="ethnicity2011" />
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|White
| 54,153,898
|55,010,359
|92.1%
|87.1%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|White: Gypsy, Traveller and {{Nowrap|Irish Traveller}}{{Efn|The 2011 Census recorded Gypsies and Travellers as a separate ethnic group for the first time.}}
|–
|63,193
|–
| 0.1%
|-
|style="text-align:left" rowspan="5"|Asian and Asian British
| style="text-align:left"|Indian
| 1,053,411
| 1,451,862
|1.8%
| 2.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Pakistani
| 747,285
| 1,174,983
|1.3%
| 1.9%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Bangladeshi
| 283,063
| 451,529
|0.5%
| 0.7%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Chinese
| 247,403
| 433,150
|0.4%
| 0.7%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Other Asian
| 247,664
| 861,815
|0.4%
| 1.4%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Black, African, Caribbean and Black British{{Efn|In the 2011 Census, for the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the UK, the ONS includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the "African" category (29,638 people), which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from "Caribbean or Black" (6,540 people),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Table KS201SC – Ethnic group: All people |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095926/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |publisher=National Records of Scotland}}</ref> in this "Black or Black British" category. The ONS note that "the African categories used in Scotland could potentially capture White/Asian/Other African in addition to Black identities".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2011 |title=Ethnic group |url=http://ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/ethnic-group/index.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>}}
| 1,148,738
| 1,904,684
|2.0%
| 3.0%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups
| 677,117
| 1,250,229
|1.2%
| 2.0%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Other ethnic groups
| 230,615
| 580,374
|0.4%
| 0.9%
|-
!style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Total
!style="text-align:right"|58,789,194
!style="text-align:right"|63,182,178
!style="text-align:right"|100.0%
!style="text-align:right"|100.0%
|}

Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4 per cent of London's population and 37.4 per cent of [[Leicester]]'s was estimated to be non-white {{As of|lc=y|2005|06|alt=in 2005}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): London |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930dce6eace0153cf12440ca609dc762c8ae598.e38OaNuRbNuSbi0Ma3aNaxiQbNiLe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1201351285750 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68e5HAPQg?url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930dce6eace0153cf12440ca609dc762c8ae598.e38OaNuRbNuSbi0Ma3aNaxiQbNiLe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1201351285750 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}; {{Cite web |title=Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): Leicester |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=Leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208962134759&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505032447/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=Leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208962134759&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> whereas less than 5 per cent of the populations of [[North East England]], Wales and the [[South West England|South West]] were from ethnic minorities, according to the 2001 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2001&nbsp;– Ethnicity and religion in England and Wales |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/commentaries/ethnicity.asp |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> {{As of|2016|alt=In 2016}}, 31.4 per cent of primary and 27.9 per cent of secondary pupils at [[state school]]s in England were members of an ethnic minority.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/schools-pupils-and-their-characteristics-january-2016 |title=Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2016 |date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Department for Education |page=8 |id=SFR 20/2016 |format=PDF}}</ref>