Texas

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Texas}}
{{See also|List of Texas symbols}}
[[File:Mission San Antonio aka Alamo.jpg|thumb|[[Alamo Mission in San Antonio|The Alamo]] is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.|left]]

Historically, Texas culture comes from a blend of Southern [[Southern United States|(Dixie)]], Western (frontier), and Southwestern [[Southwestern United States|(Mexican/Anglo fusion)]] influences, varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another. A popular food item, the [[breakfast burrito]], draws from all three, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texas's traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a [[melting pot]] of cultures from around the world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 5, 1982|title=A California-style migration stirs up Texas melting pot|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/1005/100528.html|access-date=December 28, 2020|issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 24, 2017|title=Can Houston move past the 'melting pot'?|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Can-Houston-move-past-the-melting-pot-12377720.php|access-date=December 28, 2020|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|language=en-US |last1=Aquila |first1=Dominic A. }}</ref>

Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture. The entire state is strongly associated with the image of the [[cowboy]] shown in [[westerns]] and in [[country western music]]. The state's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series [[Dallas (1978 TV series)|''Dallas'']].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arnold|first=Richard|title=40 years on from the TV series, Dallas is much more than oil barons and big hats|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/texas/articles/tv-series-dallas-attractions/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/texas/articles/tv-series-dallas-attractions/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=August 2, 2018|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The internationally known slogan "[[Don't Mess with Texas]]" began as an anti-littering [[advertising campaign|advertisement]]. Since the campaign's inception in 1986, the phrase has become "an identity statement, a declaration of Texas swagger".<ref name=DMWTexas>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Manny |title=Not to Be, Um, Trifled With, Texas Guards Its Slogans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/not-to-be-um-trifled-with-texas-guards-its-slogans.html?_r=0 |access-date=December 29, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Texas self-perception===
[[File:Big Tex.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Big Tex]] presided over every [[State Fair of Texas|Texas State Fair]] since 1952 until it was destroyed by a fire in 2012. Since then a new Big Tex was created.]]

"Texas-sized" describes something that is about the size of the [[U.S. state]] of Texas,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/08/20/hurricane.dean/index.html |title=Texas-sized Hurricane Dean spins toward Yucatan |work=CNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010010315/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/08/20/hurricane.dean/index.html |archive-date=October 10, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://feeds.arstechnica.com/~r/arstechnica/BAaf/~3/174124811/20071023-texas-sized-garbage-patch-threatens-pacific-marine-sanctuary.html |title=Floating, Texas-sized garbage patch threatens Pacific marine sanctuary |work=ars technica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203221345/http://feeds.arstechnica.com/~r/arstechnica/BAaf/~3/174124811/20071023-texas-sized-garbage-patch-threatens-pacific-marine-sanctuary.html |archive-date=December 3, 2008}}</ref> or something (usually but not always originating from Texas) that is large compared to other objects of its type.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/06/sun_supercomputer |title=Texas-Sized Supercomputer to Break Computing Power Record |work=Wired.com |date=June 26, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211090723/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/06/sun_supercomputer |archive-date=February 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/Story?id=4371384&page=1 |title=Dems in Texas-sized showdown |publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/338668.aspx |title=A Texas-Sized Battle: Evolution vs. ID |work=CBNnews.com}}</ref> Texas was the largest U.S. state until [[Alaska]] became a state in 1959. The phrase "everything is bigger in Texas" has been in regular use since at least 1950.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Popik |first1=Barry |title=Everything's Bigger in Texas |url=http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/texas/entry/everythings_bigger_in_texas/ |website=The Big Apple online etymological dictionary |access-date=April 7, 2015}}</ref>

===Arts===
{{further|Music of Texas}}Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all the major performing arts disciplines: the [[Houston Grand Opera]], the [[Houston Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Houston Ballet]], and [[The Alley Theatre]].<ref name="houstontheater">{{cite web |title=About Houston Theater District |publisher=[[Houston Theater District]] |url=http://www.houstontheaterdistrict.org/en/cms/?68 |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229033851/http://www.houstontheaterdistrict.org/en/cms/?68 |archive-date=February 29, 2008}}</ref> Known for the vibrancy of its [[Visual arts|visual]] and [[performing arts]], the [[Houston Theater District]] ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats.<ref name="houstontheater" />

Founded in 1892, [[Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth]], also called "The Modern", is Texas's oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the [[Kimbell Art Museum]], the [[Amon Carter Museum]], the [[National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame]], the [[Will Rogers Memorial Center]], and the [[Bass Performance Hall]] downtown. The [[Arts District, Dallas|Arts District]] of [[Downtown Dallas]] has arts venues such as the [[Dallas Museum of Art]], the [[Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center]], [[the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House]], [[the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art]], and the [[Nasher Sculpture Center]].<ref name="Dallasarts">{{cite web |title=Dallas Arts District |publisher=Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau |access-date=May 29, 2008 |url=http://www.visitdallas.com/things-to-do/arts/index.html}}</ref>
[[File:Houston Symphony.jpg|thumb|left|[[Houston Symphony]] at the [[Jones Hall]]]]

The [[Deep Ellum]] district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime [[jazz]] and [[blues]] hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum".<ref name="DeepElm">{{cite Handbook of Texas|id=hpd01|title=Deep Ellum |first=Lisa C. |last=Maxwell |orig-year=June 12, 2010 |date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> Artists such as [[Blind Lemon Jefferson]], [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]], Huddie "[[Lead Belly]]" Ledbetter, and [[Bessie Smith]] played in early Deep Ellum clubs.<ref name="DeepElm2">{{cite web|title=Dallas History Items: Deep Ellum |publisher=Dallas Historical Society |url=http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/deep_ellum.htm |access-date=July 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517115728/http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/deep_ellum.htm |archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}</ref>

Austin, ''[[Music of Austin|The Live Music Capital of the World]]'', boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City".<ref name="livemusic">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofaustin.org/music/ |title=Live Music Capital of the World |access-date=June 12, 2007 |publisher=City of Austin}}</ref> The city's music revolves around the [[nightclub]]s on [[6th Street (Austin)|6th Street]]; events like the film, music, and [[multimedia]] festival [[South by Southwest]]; the longest-running concert music program on American television, ''[[Austin City Limits]]''; and the [[Austin City Limits Music Festival]] held in [[Zilker Park]].<ref name="AustinCL">{{cite web|last=Bernardini |first=Deb |title=Television's longest running concert series begins season 33 Tapings with performances by Norah Fones, Wilco, Femi Kuti, Arcade Fire and more |url=http://dbmpr.com/pressroom/acl/ACLFinalPR.doc.pdf |access-date=October 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028193024/http://dbmpr.com/pressroom/acl/ACLFinalPR.doc.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2008 }}</ref>

Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into "The [[Tejano Music]] Capital Of The World".<ref name="TTMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/about.html |title=About The Texas Talent Musicians Association (TTMA) |access-date=August 2, 2009 |publisher=Texas Talent Musicians Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310113748/http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/about.html |archive-date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> The [[Tejano Music Awards]] have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.<ref name="TejanoMA">{{cite web |title=Tejano Music Awards |publisher=Texas Talent Musicians Association |year=2008 |url=http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/ |access-date=May 12, 2008}}</ref>

===Sports===
{{main|Sports in Texas}}
{{further|List of University Interscholastic League events}}
[[File:Cowboys Stadium full view.jpg|thumb|[[AT&T Stadium]], home of the [[Dallas Cowboys]], who are commonly known as [[America's Team]]]]
[[File:Spurs vs Lakers.jpg|thumb|Playoff game between the [[San Antonio Spurs]] (led by [[Tim Duncan]], #21) and the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] in [[2007 NBA playoffs|2007]]; the Spurs won the [[2007 NBA Finals|NBA Finals]] that year.]]
[[File:Houston Astros vs. Texas Rangers July 2019 19.jpg|thumb|Texan baseball fans attending a game between the state's two [[MLB]] teams ([[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] and [[Houston Astros]]) at [[Globe Life Field]] in [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]]]]

Within the [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|"Big Four" professional leagues]], Texas has two [[National Football League|NFL]] teams (the [[Dallas Cowboys]] and the [[Houston Texans]]), two [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] teams (the [[Houston Astros]] and the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]]),<ref>{{cite web |date=April 1, 1994 |title=Rangers Ballpark in Arlington|url=http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/tex/ballpark/index.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517153830/http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/tex/ballpark/index.jsp |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |access-date=May 11, 2013 |website=Texas.rangers.mlb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 1, 1994 |title=Rangers Ballpark in Arlington|url=http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/tex/ballpark/index.jsp |accessdate=May 11, 2013 |website=Texas.rangers.mlb.com}}</ref> three [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] teams (the [[San Antonio Spurs]], the [[Houston Rockets]], and the [[Dallas Mavericks]]), and one [[National Hockey League|NHL]] team (the [[Dallas Stars]]). The [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]] is one of only [[U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports|thirteen American metropolitan areas that host sports teams from all the "Big Four" professional leagues]]. Outside of the "Big Four", Texas also has a [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]] team (the [[Dallas Wings]]), three [[Major League Soccer]] teams ([[Austin FC]], [[Houston Dynamo FC]] and [[FC Dallas]]), and one [[National Women's Soccer League|NWSL]] team (the [[Houston Dash]]).{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[College athletics|Collegiate athletics]] have deep significance in Texas culture, especially [[American football|football]]. The state has twelve [[Division I-FBS]] schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's schools claim at least one national championship in football: the Texas Longhorns, the Texas A&M Aggies, the TCU Horned Frogs, and the SMU Mustangs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texas Longhorns Four-Time Football National Champions Bobblehead Unveiled|date=August 27, 2019 |url=https://www.bobbleheadhall.com/texas-longhorns-four-time-football-national-champions-bobblehead-unveiled/|access-date=December 28, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Texas A&M Picked Up Two National Championships, Two Conference Titles Over The Summer|url=https://deadspin.com/texas-a-m-picked-up-two-national-championships-two-con-5941380|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Deadspin|date=September 7, 2012 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Champions!!! TCU Earns Third Title In Program History|url=https://gofrogs.com/news/2019/3/9/womens-rifle-national-champions-tcu-earns-third-title-in-program-history.aspx|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=TCU Athletics|date=March 9, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dymeck|first=Pete|title=National Treasure: SMU's Forgotten, Yet Glorious Football History|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/47192-national-treasure-smus-forgotten-yet-glorious-football-history|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> According to a survey of Division I-A coaches, the [[College rivalry|rivalry]] between the [[University of Oklahoma]] and the University of Texas at Austin, the [[Red River Shootout]], ranks the third-best in the nation.<ref name="RRShootout">{{cite news |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/colleges/redrivershootout/texas/stories/100705dnspofbwnewrivalrylede.1c8619ce.html |title=UT-OU : Best Rivalry? |work=The Dallas Morning News |last=Davis |first=Brian |date=October 7, 2005 |access-date=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031446/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/colleges/redrivershootout/texas/stories/100705dnspofbwnewrivalrylede.1c8619ce.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the [[Battle for the Iron Skillet]]. A fierce rivalry, the [[Lone Star Showdown]], also exists between the state's two largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas at Austin. The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry has been put on hold after the Texas A&M Aggies joined the Southeastern Conference.<ref>{{cite news|title=Texas A&M AD Ross Bjork denies Lone Star Showdown renewal claims|url=https://247sports.com/Article/Texas-AM-AD-Ross-Bjork-denies-Lone-Star-Showdown-renewal-claims-Texas-Longhorns-Tom-Herman-Jimbo-Fisher-Sam-Ehlinger-149643578/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=247Sports|language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[University Interscholastic League]] (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being [[high school football]]) as well as artistic and academic subjects.<ref name="UIL">{{cite web |title=University Interscholastic League |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |url=http://www.uil.utexas.edu/ |access-date=September 28, 2008 |archive-date=February 21, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221153929/http://www.uil.utexas.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Rodeo competition at the Star of Texas Fair and Rodeo, produced by Rodeo Austin in Austin, Texas LCCN2015630182.tif|thumb|[[Rodeo]] (the state sport) in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]]]
Texans also enjoy [[rodeo]]. The world's first rodeo was hosted in [[Pecos, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5389005909&site_name=World's+First+Rodeo&class=5000 |title=View Atlas Data |website=Atlas.thc.state.tx.us |access-date=April 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904022847/http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5389005909&site_name=World%27s+First+Rodeo&class=5000 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The annual [[Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo]] is the largest rodeo in the world. The [[Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show]] in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the [[State Fair of Texas]] each year at [[Fair Park]].<ref name="statefair">{{cite web|title=Fair Park, Texas |publisher=City of Dallas |access-date=May 22, 2008 |url=http://www.dallascityhall.com/FairPark/art_architectural.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514155643/http://www.dallascityhall.com/FairPark/art_architectural.html |archive-date=May 14, 2008 }}</ref>

[[Texas Motor Speedway]] hosts annual [[NASCAR Cup Series]] and [[IndyCar Series]] auto races since 1997. Since 2012, Austin's [[Circuit of the Americas]] plays host to a round of the [[Formula 1]] World Championship.<ref name="f1">{{cite web |title=Formula One returns to the United States |publisher=Formula 1 Administration Ltd |access-date=May 25, 2010 |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2010/5/10824.html}}</ref>