Statistics

===Statistics in academia===
Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of [[academic discipline]]s, including [[Natural science|natural]] and [[social science]]s, government, and business. Business statistics applies statistical methods in [[econometrics]], [[auditing]] and production and operations, including services improvement and marketing research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=live}}</ref> A study of two journals in tropical biology found that the 12 most frequent statistical tests are: [[analysis of variance]] (ANOVA), [[chi-squared test]], [[Student's t-test]], [[linear regression]], [[Pearson's correlation coefficient]], [[Mann-Whitney U test]], [[Kruskal-Wallis test]], [[Diversity index#Shannon index|Shannon's diversity index]], [[Tukey's range test]], [[cluster analysis]], [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] and [[principal component analysis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Natalia Loaiza Velásquez, María Isabel González Lutz & Julián Monge-Nájera|date=2011|title=Which statistics should tropical biologists learn?|url=https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|journal=Revista Biología Tropical|volume=59|pages=983–992|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160957/https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and [[normal distribution]]s, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pekoz|first=Erol|title=The Manager's Guide to Statistics|date=2009|publisher=Erol Pekoz|isbn=978-0979570438}}</ref> Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of [[free statistics software]].<ref name=":0" />