Sleep deprivation

== Assessment ==
Patients with sleep deprivation may present with complaints of symptoms and signs of insufficient sleep, such as fatigue, sleepiness, drowsy driving, and cognitive difficulties. Sleep insufficiency can easily go unrecognized and undiagnosed unless patients are specifically asked about it by their clinicians.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web | vauthors = Maski K | date = 7 September 2023 | veditors = Scammell TE, Eichler AF | title = Insufficient sleep: Evaluation and management |work = UpToDate |url= https://www.uptodate.com/contents/insufficient-sleep-evaluation-and-management|access-date=2021-01-28 }}</ref>

Several questions are critical in evaluating sleep duration and quality, as well as the cause of sleep deprivation. Sleep patterns (typical bed time or rise time on weekdays and weekends), shift work, and frequency of naps can reveal the direct cause of poor sleep, and quality of sleep should be discussed to rule out any diseases such as [[obstructive sleep apnea]] and [[restless leg syndrome]].<ref name=":2" />

Sleep diaries are useful in providing detailed information about sleep patterns. They are inexpensive, readily available, and easy to use. The diaries can be as simple as a 24-hour log to note the time of being asleep or can be detailed to include other relevant information.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carney CE, Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Krystal AD, Lichstein KL, Morin CM | title = The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring | journal = Sleep | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 287–302 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22294820 | pmc = 3250369 | doi = 10.5665/sleep.1642 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sleep Deprivation: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment|url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Sleep Foundation|date=3 November 2020|language=en}}</ref> Sleep questionnaires such as the Sleep Timing Questionnaire (STQ) can be used instead of sleep diaries if there is any concern for patient adherence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Kennedy KS, Pods JM, DeGrazia JM, Miewald JM | title = Measuring sleep habits without using a diary: the sleep timing questionnaire | journal = Sleep | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 208–212 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12683481 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/26.2.208 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Actigraphy]] is a useful, objective wrist-worn tool if the validity of self-reported sleep diaries or questionnaires is questionable. Actigraphy works by recording movements and using computerized algorithms to estimate total sleep time, sleep onset latency, the amount of wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. Some devices have light sensors to detect light exposure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actigraphy|url=https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-tests/s/sleep-disorder-tests/procedures/actigraphy.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=stanfordhealthcare.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgenthaler T, Alessi C, Friedman L, Owens J, Kapur V, Boehlecke B, Brown T, Chesson A, Coleman J, Lee-Chiong T, Pancer J, Swick TJ | title = Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: an update for 2007 | journal = Sleep | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 519–529 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17520797 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/30.4.519 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith MT, McCrae CS, Cheung J, Martin JL, Harrod CG, Heald JL, Carden KA | title = Use of Actigraphy for the Evaluation of Sleep Disorders and Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline | journal = Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 1231–1237 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29991437 | pmc = 6040807 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.7230 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith MT, McCrae CS, Cheung J, Martin JL, Harrod CG, Heald JL, Carden KA | title = Use of Actigraphy for the Evaluation of Sleep Disorders and Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and GRADE Assessment | journal = Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 1209–1230 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29991438 | pmc = 6040804 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.7228 }}</ref>
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