Russia

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Russia}}
{{See also|List of ecoregions in Russia}}
[[File:Саблинский хребет.jpg|thumb|[[Yugyd Va National Park]] in the [[Komi Republic]] is the largest [[national park]] in Europe.<ref name="urals"/>]]
Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including [[polar desert]]s, [[tundra]], forest tundra, [[taiga]], [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|mixed and broadleaf forest]], [[forest steppe]], [[steppe]], semi-desert, and [[subtropics]].<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ru |title=Russian Federation – Main Details |work=[[Convention on Biological Diversity]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173651/https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ru |url-status=live }}</ref> About half of Russia's territory is forested,<ref name="cia"/> and it has the world's largest area of forest,<ref name="Gardiner-2021"/> which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of [[carbon dioxide]].<ref name="Gardiner-2021">{{cite web | last=Gardiner | first=Beth | title=Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? | website=Yale University | date=23 March 2021 | url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/will-russias-forests-be-an-asset-or-obstacle-in-the-climate-fight | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=11 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211140422/https://e360.yale.edu/features/will-russias-forests-be-an-asset-or-obstacle-in-the-climate-fight | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Schepaschenko | first1=Dmitry | last2=Moltchanova | first2=Elena | last3=Fedorov | first3=Stanislav | last4=Karminov | first4=Victor | last5=Ontikov | first5=Petr | last6=Santoro | first6=Maurizio | last7=See | first7=Linda | last8=Kositsyn | first8=Vladimir | last9=Shvidenko | first9=Anatoly | last10=Romanovskaya | first10=Anna | last11=Korotkov | first11=Vladimir | last12=Lesiv | first12=Myroslava | last13=Bartalev | first13=Sergey | last14=Fritz | first14=Steffen | last15=Shchepashchenko | first15=Maria | last16=Kraxner | first16=Florian | title=Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=11 | issue=1 | date=17 June 2021 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-021-92152-9 | page=12825| pmid=34140583 | pmc=8211780 | bibcode=2021NatSR..1112825S }}</ref>

Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of [[vascular plant]]s, 2,200 species of [[bryophyte]]s, about 3,000 species of [[lichen]]s, 7,000–9,000 species of [[algae]], and 20,000–25,000 species of fungi. Russian [[fauna]] is composed of [[List of mammals of Russia|320 species]] of [[mammals]], over [[List of birds of Russia|732 species]] of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of [[amphibian]]s, [[List of freshwater fish of Russia|343 species]] of [[freshwater fish]] (high [[endemism]]), approximately 1,500 species of [[saltwater fish]]es, 9 species of [[cyclostomata]], and approximately 100–150,000 [[invertebrate]]s (high endemism).<ref name="climate"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.rec.org/ru/en/biodiversity/in_russia/04-04-02.shtml |title=Species richness of Russia |publisher=REC |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509102841/http://education.rec.org/ru/en/biodiversity/in_russia/04-04-02.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Approximately 1,100 rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation|Russian Red Data Book]].<ref name="climate"/>

Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area.<ref name="climate"/> They include 45 [[biosphere reserve]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/russian-federation/ |title=Russian Federation |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=June 2017 |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710161647/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/russian-federation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 64 [[National parks of Russia|national parks]], and 101 [[Zapovednik|nature reserves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/russia-nature-reserves-year-ecology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303030416/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/russia%2Dnature%2Dreserves%2Dyear%2Decology |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2021 |title=Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature Reserves – Now Turning 100 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]  |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> Although in decline, the country still has many ecosystems which are still considered [[Intact forest landscape|intact forest]]; mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Danilov-Danil'yan | first1=V.I. | last2=Reyf | first2=I.E. | title=The Biosphere and Civilization: In the Throes of a Global Crisis | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-3-319-67193-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 | access-date=6 December 2022 | page=234 | archive-date=25 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225095407/https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 | url-status=live }}</ref> Russia had a [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grantham HS, ''et al''. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>