Racial segregation

=== United Kingdom ===

{{main|Racial segregation in the United Kingdom}}

Although racial segregation was never made legal in the UK, occasionally pubs, workplaces, shops and other commercial premises operated a "colour bar" where non-white customers were banned from using certain rooms and facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waters |first=Rob |date=2017-04-03 |title=The rise and fall of the drinking club |url=http://www.blacklondonhistories.org.uk/uncategorized/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-drinking-club/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Black London Histories |language=en}}</ref> Segregation also operated in the 20th century in certain professions,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-26 |title=What was behind the Bristol bus boycott? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23795655 |access-date=2022-03-09}}</ref> in housing and even at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Buckingham Palace banned ethnic minorities from office roles, papers reveal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/02/buckingham-palace-banned-ethnic-minorities-from-office-roles-papers-reveal |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The colour bar in pubs was deemed illegal by the [[Race Relations Act 1965]] but other institutions such as members' clubs could still bar people because of their race until a few years later.

The United Kingdom nowadays has no legally sanctioned system of racial segregation and has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality.<ref name="gov.uk">{{Cite web |title=Race Relations Act 1976 (Repealed) |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/74/data.htm |website=www.legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> However, due to many cultural differences between the pre-existing system of passively co-existing communities, segregation along racial lines has emerged in parts of the United Kingdom, with minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2005 |title=Britons warned over 'segregation' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4273414.stm}}</ref>

The affected and 'ghettoised' communities are often largely representative of [[Pakistanis]], [[Indian people|Indians]] and other Sub-Continentals, and has been thought to be the basis of ethnic tensions, and a deterioration of the standard of living and levels of education and employment among ethnic minorities in poorer areas. These factors are considered by some to have been a cause of the 2001 English race riots in [[2001 Bradford riots|Bradford]], [[2001 Oldham riots|Oldham]] and [[2001 Harehills riot|Harehills]] in [[northern England]] which have large Asian communities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2001 |title=Race 'segregation' caused riots |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1702799.stm}}</ref><ref name="ccsr.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=Statistics of Racial Segregation: Measures, Evidence and Policy |url=http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609214608/http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2012 |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>

There may be some indication that such segregation, particularly in residential terms, seems to be the result of the unilateral 'steering' of ethnic groups into particular areas as well as a culture of vendor discrimination and distrust of ethnic minority clients by some estate agents and other property professionals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=PHILLIPS |first=D. |title=Movement to opportunity? South Asian relocation in northern cities |work=End of Award report, ESRC R000238038 |publisher=School of Geography, University of Leeds |year=2002 |page=7}}</ref> This may be indicative of a market preference amongst the more wealthy to reside in areas of less ethnic mixture; less ethnic mixture being perceived as increasing the value and desirability of a residential area. This is likely as other theories such as "ethnic [[Auto-segregation|self segregation]]" have sometimes been shown to be baseless, and a majority of ethnic respondents to a few surveys on the matter have been in favour of wider social and residential integration.

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