Pope

== Regalia and insignia ==
{{Main|Papal regalia and insignia}}
* [[Ring of the Fisherman]], a gold or gilt ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the pope's name around it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary : Ring of the Fisherman|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36109|access-date=23 October 2020|website=catholicculture.org|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328120435/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36109|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Umbraculum]]'' (better known in the Italian form ''ombrellino'') is a canopy or umbrella consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, which used to be carried above the pope in processions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umbraculum – Definition and synonyms of umbraculum in the English dictionary|url=https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/umbraculum|access-date=23 October 2020|website=educalingo.com|language=en|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005244/https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/umbraculum|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Sedia gestatoria]]'', a mobile throne carried by twelve [[footmen]] (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms, accompanied by two attendants bearing ''[[flabella]]'' (fans made of white ostrich feathers), and sometimes a large [[baldachin|canopy]], carried by eight attendants. The use of the ''flabella'' was discontinued by [[Pope John Paul I]]. The use of the ''sedia gestatoria'' was discontinued by [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vatican: The Possible Return of the Sedia Gestatoria |url=https://fsspx.news/en/news-events/news/vatican-possible-return-sedia-gestatoria-56887 |website=Society of Saint Pius X |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en |date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052644/https://fsspx.news/en/news-events/news/vatican-possible-return-sedia-gestatoria-56887 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg|thumb|upright|The [[coat of arms]] of the Holy See. That of the State of Vatican City is the same except that the positions of the gold and silver keys are interchanged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/va).html |title=Vatican City (Holy See) – The Keys and Coat of Arms |publisher=Fotw.net |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-date=23 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923005401/https://www.fotw.info/flags/va).html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In [[heraldry]], each pope has his own personal coat of arms. Though unique for each pope, the arms have for several centuries been traditionally accompanied by two keys in [[saltire]] (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an ''X'') behind the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] (shield) (one silver key and one gold key, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver ''triregnum'' with three gold crowns and red ''infulae'' ([[lappet]]s—two strips of fabric hanging from the back of the triregnum which fall over the neck and shoulders when worn). This is [[blazon]]ed: "two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or". The 21st century has seen departures from this tradition. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI, while maintaining the crossed keys behind the shield, omitted the papal tiara from his personal coat of arms, replacing it with a [[mitre]] with three horizontal lines. Beneath the shield he added the pallium, a papal symbol of authority more ancient than the tiara, the use of which is also granted to metropolitan [[archbishop]]s as a sign of communion with the See of Rome. Although the tiara was omitted in the pope's personal coat of arms, the coat of arms of the Holy See, which includes the tiara, remained unaltered. In 2013, Pope Francis maintained the mitre that replaced the tiara, but omitted the pallium.

The [[flag]] most frequently associated with the pope is the yellow and white [[flag of Vatican City]], with the arms of the Holy See (blazoned: "Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or") on the right-hand side (the "fly") in the white half of the flag (the left-hand side—the "hoist"—is yellow). The pope's escucheon does not appear on the flag. This flag was first adopted in 1808, whereas the previous flag had been red and gold. Although Pope Benedict XVI replaced the triregnum with a mitre on his personal coat of arms, it has been retained on the flag.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/elezione/documents/stemma-benedict-xvi.html| title = The Vatican (Holy See)| access-date = 15 April 2020| archive-date = 26 February 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200226173537/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/elezione/documents/stemma-benedict-xvi.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Papal garments ===
[[Pope Pius V]] (reigned 1566–1572), is often credited with having originated the custom whereby the pope wears white, by continuing after his election to wear the white [[Religious habit|habit]] of the [[Dominican order]]. In reality, the basic papal attire was white long before. The earliest document that describes it as such is the ''Ordo XIII'', a book of ceremonies compiled in about 1274. Later books of ceremonies describe the pope as wearing a red mantle, [[mozzetta]], [[camauro]] and shoes, and a white [[cassock]] and stockings.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bagliani|first1=Agostino Paravicini|title=From red to white|url=http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/from-red-to-white|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817001848/http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/from-red-to-white|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2014|access-date=29 June 2014|work=Osservatore Romano|date=21 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vatican newspaper examines history of red, white papal garb|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=18897|access-date=29 June 2014|work=Catholic Culture|date=2 September 2013|archive-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224101919/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=18897|url-status=live}}</ref> Many contemporary portraits of 15th and 16th-century predecessors of Pius V show them wearing a white cassock similar to his.<ref>Compare the portrait reproduced in the article on Pius V with those in the articles on his immediate predecessors [[Pope Pius IV]] and [[Pope Paul IV]] and in the articles on [[Pope Julius III]], [[Pope Paul III]], [[Pope Clement VII]], [[Pope Adrian VI]], [[Pope Leo X]], [[Pope Julius II]], [[Pope Pius II]], [[Pope Callixtus III]], [[Pope Nicholas V]], and [[Pope Eugene IV]].</ref>