Oceania

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Oceania}}
Native languages of Oceania fall into three major geographic groups:
* The large [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] [[language family]], with such languages as [[Malay language|Malay]] (Indonesian), and [[Oceanic languages]] such as [[Gilbertese language|Gilbertese]], [[Fijian language|Fijian]], [[Māori language|Māori]], and [[Hawaiian language|Hawai{{okina}}ian]]
* The [[Aboriginal Australian languages]], including the large [[Pama–Nyungan]] family
* The [[Papuan languages]] of [[New Guinea]] and neighbouring islands, including the large [[Trans–New Guinea]] family

Non-indigenous languages include [[English language|English]] in Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and many other territories; [[French language|French]] in [[New Caledonia]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Wallis and Futuna]]; Japanese in the [[Bonin Islands]];<ref name="realm"/> and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] on [[Easter Island]] and the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref name="realm"/><ref name="ling">{{cite book |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas Albert |title=Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania |date=1971 |publisher=the University of Michigan |page=950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22 |access-date=2 February 2022 |quote=Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations — some have been used effectively as prisons — but the official language on each is Spanish. |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065403/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Current_Trends_in_Linguistics_Linguistic/lYouAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22&dq=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Diego B. |date=2019 |title=Language policy in Oceania |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/alfa/a/YPntRnVWDW5F8P8PYfJGPKd/?lang=en |journal=Alfa - Revista de Linguística |volume=63-2 |access-date=2022-07-30 |archive-date=2022-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331141629/https://www.scielo.br/j/alfa/a/YPntRnVWDW5F8P8PYfJGPKd/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also [[Creole language|Creoles]] formed from the interaction of Malay or the colonial languages with indigenous languages, such as [[Tok Pisin]], [[Bislama]], [[Chavacano]], various [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Hawaiian Pidgin]], [[Norfuk]], and [[Pitkern]]. Contact between Austronesian and Papuan resulted in several instances in mixed languages such as [[Maisin language|Maisin]].

Immigrants brought their own languages to the region, such as [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], Tagalog, Hindi, Italian, Arabic, Portuguese, Polish, German, Spanish, Russian, Korean, [[Cantonese]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], among many others, namely in Australia and New Zealand,<ref name="absgov20120621" /> or [[Fiji Hindi]] in [[Fiji]].