Jerusalem

====Divided city: Jordanian and Israeli rule (1948–1967)====
{{Further|Battle for Jerusalem|City Line (Jerusalem)}}
{{See also|Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194|Jordanian annexation of the West Bank}}
{{JerusalemCS}}

As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|1947 UN Partition Plan]] recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a ''[[corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|corpus separatum]]'' under the administration of the UN."<ref>{{cite web |title=Considerations Affecting Certain of the Provisions of the General Assembly Resolution on the 'Future Government of Palestine': The City of Jerusalem |publisher=The United Nations |date=22 January 1948 |access-date=3 February 2007 |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/52b7d0e66142a40e85256dc70072b982/6362111f689724d705256601007063f2!OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126145437/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/52b7d0e66142a40e85256dc70072b982/6362111f689724d705256601007063f2%21OpenDocument |archive-date=26 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The international regime (which also included the city of [[Bethlehem]]) was to remain in force for a period of ten years, whereupon a referendum was to be held in which the residents were to decide the future regime of their city.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.N. Resolution 181 (II). (29 Nov 1947) Future government of Palestine |url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906162506/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> However, this plan was not implemented, as the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war|1948 war erupted]], while the British withdrew from Palestine and [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel declared its independence]].<ref name=lapidoth/>

In contradiction to the Partition Plan, which envisioned a [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|city]] separated from the Arab state and the Jewish state, Israel took control of the area which later would become West Jerusalem, along with [[1948 Arab–Israeli War#1949 Armistice Agreements|major parts of the Arab territory allotted to the future Arab State]]; Jordan took control of East Jerusalem, along with the West Bank. The war led to displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city. The 1,500 residents of the [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish Quarter]] of the Old City were expelled and a few hundred taken prisoner when the Arab Legion captured the quarter on 28 May.<ref>Benny Morris, ''1948'' (2008), pp. 218–19.</ref><ref>Mordechai Weingarten</ref> Arab residents of [[Katamon]], [[Talbiya]], and the [[German Colony, Jerusalem|German Colony]] were driven from their homes. By the time of the armistice that ended active fighting, Israel had control of 12 of Jerusalem's 15 Arab residential quarters. An estimated minimum of 30,000 people had become refugees.<ref>Cattan, Henry (1981). ''Jerusalem''. Croom Helm. {{ISBN|978-0-7099-0412-0}}. p. 51. Number of Arab districts under Jewish control.</ref><ref>Asali, K. J. (1989) ''Jerusalem in History''. Scorpion Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-905906-70-6}}. p. 259. Estimate of number of refugees (Michael C. Hudson).</ref>

The war of 1948 resulted in the division of Jerusalem, so that the [[Old City of Jerusalem|old walled city]] lay entirely on the Jordanian side of the [[Green Line (Israel)|line]]. A no-man's land between East and West Jerusalem came into being in November 1948: [[Moshe Dayan]], commander of the Israeli forces in Jerusalem, met with his Jordanian counterpart [[Abdullah el-Tell]] in a deserted house in Jerusalem's [[Musrara, Jerusalem|Musrara]] neighbourhood and marked out their respective positions: Israel's position in red and Jordan's in green. This rough map, which was not meant as an official one, became the final [[Green Line (Israel)|line]] in the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], which divided the city and left [[Mount Scopus]] as an Israeli [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] inside East Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jposttravel.com/jerusalem_tours/FormerIsrael1008.html |title=No Man's Land |publisher=Jposttravel.com |access-date=11 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124081714/http://jposttravel.com/jerusalem_tours/FormerIsrael1008.html |archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> 

Barbed wire and concrete barriers ran down the centre of the city, passing close by [[Jaffa Gate]] on the western side of the [[Old City of Jerusalem|old walled city]]. A crossing point was established at [[Mandelbaum Gate]] slightly to the north of the [[Old City of Jerusalem|old walled city]]. Military skirmishes frequently threatened the ceasefire.

After the establishment of the state of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital city.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Breger |editor1-first=Marshall J. |editor2-last=Ahimeir |editor2-first=Ora |last=Klein |first=Menachem |title=Jerusalem: A City and Its Future |year=2002 |publisher=[[Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies]], [[Syracuse University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8156-2912-2 |chapter-url={{Google books |id=FGOY5oDGGLUC |page=145 |plainurl=Yes}} |access-date=14 October 2012 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalemcityits00berg/page/145 145] |chapter=Chapter 5: Rule and Role in Jerusalem |quote=On 5 December 1948, Prime Minister Ben-Gurion claimed Jerusalem as part of Israel and eight days later the Israeli Knesset declared it the capital of Israel. |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemcityits00berg/page/145}}</ref> Jordan formally annexed East Jerusalem in 1950, subjecting it to Jordanian law, and in 1953 declared it the "second capital" of Jordan.<ref name=lapidoth>{{cite web |last=Lapidoth |first=Ruth |title=Jerusalem: Legal and Political Background |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=30 June 1998 |access-date=22 July 2008 |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/peace%20process/guide%20to%20the%20peace%20process/jerusalem-%20legal%20and%20political%20background |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402044938/http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/peace%2Bprocess/guide%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpeace%2Bprocess/jerusalem-%2Blegal%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bbackground |archive-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=birzeit>{{cite web |title=Legal Status in Palestine |publisher=Birzeit University Institute of Law |access-date=22 July 2008 |url=http://lawcenter.birzeit.edu/iol/en/index.php?action_id=210 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103074653/http://lawcenter.birzeit.edu/iol/en/index.php?action_id=210 |archive-date=3 November 2007}}</ref><ref>Michael Dumper, ''The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967'', Columbia University Press, 1997: ''Israeli West Jerusalem was made the capital of the State of Israel'' (p. 21); "in 1953 the Hashemites granted East Jerusalem the status of ''amana'' (trusteeship) and made it the 'second capital' of Jordan." (p. 33)</ref> Only the United Kingdom and [[Pakistan]] formally recognized such annexation, which, in regard to Jerusalem, was on a ''de facto'' basis.<ref>Announcement in the UK House of Commons of the recognition of the State of Israel and also of the annexation of the West Bank by the State of Jordan. Commons Debates (Hansard) 5th series, Vol. 474, pp. 1137–41. 27 April 1950. [[:File:UKrecognizesIsraelJordan.pdf|scan (PDF)]]</ref> Some scholars argue that the view that Pakistan recognized Jordan's annexation is dubious.<ref>S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, ''Middle Eastern Studies'', 19:2 (1983) 261–63.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=P. R. Kumaraswamy |date=March 2000 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/memo55.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628142556/http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/memo55.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2007 |title=Beyond the Veil: Israel-Pakistan Relations |website=Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies |publisher=Tel Aviv University |location=Tel Aviv, Israel |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref>

After 1948, since the [[Old City of Jerusalem|old walled city]] in its entirety was to the east of the armistice line, [[Jordan]] was able to take control of all the holy places therein. While Muslim holy sites were maintained and renovated,<ref name=Reiter>{{cite book |author=Yitzhak Reiter |title=Jerusalem and its role in Islamic solidarity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20rYAAAAMAAJ |access-date=24 May 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-60782-8 |page=136 |quote=According to Jordanian government sources, Jordan has spent about a billion dollars since 1954 on al-Aqsa renovations and maintenance. |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083742/https://books.google.com/books?id=20rYAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> contrary to the terms of the armistice agreement, Jews were denied access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were destroyed or desecrated. Jordan allowed only very limited access to Christian holy sites,<ref>Martin Gilbert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512233546/http://www.mefacts.com/cache/html/wall-ruling_/11362.htm "Jerusalem: A Tale of One City"], ''The New Republic'', 14 November 1994</ref> and restrictions were imposed on the [[Palestinian Christians|Christian population]] that led many to leave the city. Of the 58 synagogues in the Old City, half were either razed or converted to stables and hen-houses over the course of the next 19 years, including the [[Hurva]] and the [[Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue]]. The 3,000-year-old<ref name=cem>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountofolives.co.il/eng/panorama.aspx?index=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212044946/http://www.mountofolives.co.il/eng/panorama.aspx?index=4 |archive-date=12 February 2010 |title=Mount of Olives, Jerusalem |work=mountofolives.co.il}}</ref> [[Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery]] was desecrated, with gravestones used to build roads, latrines and Jordanian army fortifications. 38,000 graves in the Jewish Cemetery were destroyed, and Jews were forbidden from being buried there.<ref>Oren, M. ''Six Days of War'', {{ISBN|978-0-345-46192-6}}, p. 307</ref><ref name=Tessler>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0/page/329 329] |quote=ancient jewish cemetery. |title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=Indiana University Press |author=Mark A. Tessler |access-date=17 May 2015 |isbn=978-0-253-20873-6 |year=1994}}</ref> 

The Western Wall was transformed into an exclusively Muslim holy site associated with ''[[al-Buraq]]''.<ref name=Ricca>{{cite book |author=Simone Ricca |title=Reinventing Jerusalem: Israel's reconstruction of the Jewish Quarter after 1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbd1ALFq9hAC&pg=PA14 |access-date=3 June 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-387-2 |page=22 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083742/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbd1ALFq9hAC&pg=PA14 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli authorities neglected to protect the tombs in the Muslim [[Mamilla Cemetery]] in West Jerusalem, which contains the remains of figures from the early Islamic period,<ref>Alisa Rubin Peled, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz5KkSVZaicC&pg=PA91 ''Debating Islam in the Jewish State: The Development of Policy Toward Islamic''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327021401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz5KkSVZaicC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=27 March 2024 }}, SUNY Press, 2012 p. 91</ref> facilitating the creation of a parking lot and public lavatories in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Institute for Palestine Studies and Kuwait University |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=7 |issue=25–28 |page=194 |url={{Google books |id=A7tVAAAAYAAJ |plainurl=yes}} |last1=Al-Kuwayt |first1=Jāmiʻat |publisher=Institute For Palestine Studies |location=Washington, DC |last2=Al-Filasṭīnīyah |first2=Muʼassasat al-Dirāsāt |year=1978}}</ref> Many other historic and religiously significant buildings were demolished and replaced by modern structures during the Jordanian occupation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A8138AD15B0FCAC385256B920059DEBF |title=Letter From The Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General |publisher=United Nations |access-date=11 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515203330/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A8138AD15B0FCAC385256B920059DEBF |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> During this period, the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque underwent major renovations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409011.htm |title=Dispute Over Jerusalem Holy Places Disrupts Arab Camp |author=Greg Noakes |publisher=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]] |date=September–October 1994 |access-date=20 July 2008 |archive-date=6 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706033924/http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409011.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the 1948 war, the Jewish residents of Eastern Jerusalem [[Jewish refugees|were expelled]] by Jordan's [[Arab Legion]]. Jordan allowed Arab Palestinian refugees from the war to settle in the vacated [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish Quarter]], which became known as ''Harat al-Sharaf''.<ref name=Oest>{{cite book |editor1=Oesterreicher, John M. |editor-link=John M. Oesterreicher |editor2=Sinai, Anne |title=Jerusalem |year=1974 |publisher=John Day |isbn=978-0-381-98266-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalem00oest/page/26 26] |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalem00oest |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1966 the Jordanian authorities relocated 500 of them to the [[Shuafat|Shua'fat refugee camp]] as part of plans to turn the Jewish quarter into a [[public park]].<ref>Doson, Nandita and Sabbah, Abdul Wahad, eds. (2010). ''Stories from our Mothers''. {{ISBN|978-0-9556136-3-0}}. pp. 18–19.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shepherd |first=Naomi |title=Teddy Kollek, Mayor of Jerusalem |year=1988 |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-06-039084-6 |chapter=The View from the Citadel |page=[https://archive.org/details/teddykollekmayor00shep/page/20 20] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/teddykollekmayor00shep/page/20}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="170">
File:Mandelbaum Gate Jerusalem.jpg|Israeli policemen meet a [[Arab Legion|Jordanian Legionnaire]] near the [[Mandelbaum Gate]] ({{Circa|1950}})
File:King Hussein flying over Temple Mount when it was under Jordanian control.jpg|[[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] of [[Jordan]] flying over the [[Temple Mount]] in East Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965
</gallery>