Google

=== Infrastructure ===
{{Further|Google data centers}}

Google has data centers in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Asia]], and [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data center locations |url=https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517162154/https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=May 17, 2018}}</ref> There is no official data on the number of [[Server (computing)|servers]] in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm [[Gartner]] estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2017 |title=How Many Servers Does Google Have? |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217073018/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq |archive-date=February 17, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2018 |website=Data Center Knowledge}}</ref> Traditionally, Google relied on [[parallel computing]] on commodity hardware like mainstream [[x86]] computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2003 |title=Google's Secret: 'Cheap and Fast' Hardware |url=https://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182753/http://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=May 26, 2018 |website=PCWorld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barroso |first1=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |issn=0272-1732 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs. |s2cid=15886858}}</ref><ref name="CNET2009">{{Cite news |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Google uncloaks once-secret server |work=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606105133/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/ |archive-date=June 6, 2018 |quote=Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option, he added. "Ten years ago...it was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can't run it on a [[mainframe server|mainframe]]. The margins just don't work out," he said.}}</ref> In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.<ref name="CNET2009" />

Google has built its own private [[submarine communications cable]]s. The first cable, named Curie, connects [[California]] with [[Chile]] and was completed on November 15, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Submarine Networks |url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=Submarine Networks |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041348/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 6, 2019 |title=Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the most important part of the internet |language=en-US |work=VentureBeat |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425024849/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=April 24, 2019 |title=How Google is building its huge subsea cable infrastructure |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163121/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] with [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Google announces Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe with Africa |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125060941/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/ |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref> The company's fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in [[New York (state)|New York, US]], [[Bude]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]], and is expected to become operational in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lardinois |first=Frederic |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Google is building a new private subsea cable between Europe and the US |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231052511/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/ |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>