Crucifixion of Jesus

=== Atonement ===
[[File:Niccolò Frangipane Penitent.jpg|thumb|200px|''Penitent'' by [[Niccolò Frangipane]], 1574]]
Jesus's death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological [[soteriology#Christianity|interpretations]] as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death and resurrection as compared to  Jesus's words.<ref>For example, see {{Bibleref2|Matthew|6:14–15}}. See also [[Sermon on the Mount]]</ref> According to the [[substitutionary atonement]] view,  Jesus's death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself after his resurrection as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God.<ref name="Atonement">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Doctrine of the Atonement |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02055a.htm |access-date=May 8, 2008 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415083228/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02055a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> By contrast the [[moral influence theory of atonement]] focuses much more on the moral content of  Jesus's teaching, and sees  Jesus's death as a [[martyr]]dom.<ref>A. J. Wallace, R. D. Rusk ''Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation'', (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011) {{ISBN|978-1-4563-8980-2}}</ref> Since the [[Middle Ages]] there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[Protestants]] typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of [[penal substitution]]. [[Liberal Protestant]]s typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the [[moral influence theory of atonement]]. Both views are popular within the [[Roman Catholic Church]], with the [[Satisfaction theory of atonement|satisfaction]] doctrine incorporated into the idea of [[penance]].<ref name="Atonement"/>

In the Roman Catholic tradition this view of atonement is balanced by the duty of Roman Catholics to perform [[Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ]]<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book |author=Ball, Ann |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices |isbn=0-87973-910-X |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |location=Huntington, Ind.}}</ref> which in the encyclical ''[[Miserentissimus Redemptor]]'' of [[Pope Pius XI]] were defined as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Miserentissimus Redemptor'' |publisher=Encyclical of Pope Pius XI |url= https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140812031528/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 }}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] referred to these [[acts of reparation]] as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified."<ref>{{cite web |title=Vatican archives |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080502234831/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html |archive-date=May 2, 2008 }}</ref>

Among [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] Christians, another common view is [[Christus Victor]].<ref>See [[Christus Victor#Development of the Christus Victor view after Aulén|Development of the Christus Victor view after Aulén]]</ref> This holds that Jesus was sent by God to defeat death and [[Satan]]. Because of his [[Perfection of Christ|perfection]], voluntary death, and resurrection, Jesus defeated Satan and death, and arose victorious. Therefore, humanity was no longer bound in sin, but was free to rejoin God through the repentance of sin and faith in Jesus.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Johnson, Alan F. |author2=Robert E. Webber |title=What Christians Believe: A Biblical and Historical Summary |publisher=Zondervan |year=1993 |pages=261–263}}</ref>

[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] teaches that the crucifixion of Jesus was part of the atonement and a "redeeming ransom" both for the effect of the fall of Adam upon all humankind and "for the personal sins of all who repent, from Adam to the end of the world."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Atonement_of_Jesus_Christ|title=Atonement of Jesus Christ – The Encyclopedia of Mormonism|website=eom.byu.edu|access-date=April 7, 2023|archive-date=March 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307052907/https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Atonement_of_Jesus_Christ|url-status=live}}</ref>