Buddhism

===Restraint and renunciation===
[[File:Buddhist monk in Khao Luang-Sukhothai.JPG|thumb|Living at the root of a tree (''trukkhamulik'anga'') is one of the ''dhutaṅgas'', a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics.]]
Another important practice taught by the Buddha is the restraint of the senses (''indriyasamvara''). In the various graduated paths, this is usually presented as a practice which is taught prior to formal sitting meditation, and which supports meditation by weakening sense desires that are a [[Five hindrances|hindrance]] to meditation.<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 71">Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 71. Windhorse Publications.</ref> According to [[Bhikkhu Analayo|Anālayo]], sense restraint is when one "guards the sense doors in order to prevent sense impressions from leading to desires and discontent".<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 71"/> This is not an avoidance of sense impression, but a kind of mindful attention towards the sense impressions which does not dwell on their main features or signs (''nimitta''). This is said to prevent harmful influences from entering the mind.<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 225">Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 225. Windhorse Publications.</ref> This practice is said to give rise to an inner peace and happiness which forms a basis for concentration and insight.<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 225"/>

A related Buddhist virtue and practice is renunciation, or the intent for desirelessness (''[[nekkhamma]]'').<ref>Webster, David (2004). ''"The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon,"'' p. 124. Routledge.</ref> Generally, renunciation is the giving up of actions and desires that are seen as unwholesome on the path, such as lust for sensuality and worldly things.{{sfnp|Rhys Davids|Stede|1921–1925|p=377|loc="Nekkhamma"}} Renunciation can be cultivated in different ways. The practice of giving for example, is one form of cultivating renunciation. Another one is the giving up of lay life and becoming a monastic (''bhiksu'' o ''bhiksuni'').{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|p=199}} Practicing [[celibacy]] (whether for life as a monk, or temporarily) is also a form of renunciation.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=89}} Many [[Jataka tales|Jataka]] stories such as the focus on how the Buddha practiced renunciation in past lives.{{sfnp|Emmanuel|2013|p=492}}

One way of cultivating renunciation taught by the Buddha is the contemplation (''anupassana'') of the "dangers" (or "negative consequences") of sensual pleasure (''kāmānaṃ ādīnava''). As part of the graduated discourse, this contemplation is taught after the practice of giving and morality.<ref>Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013) "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism," p. 18. Princeton University Press.</ref>

Another related practice to renunciation and sense restraint taught by the Buddha is "restraint in eating" or moderation with food, which for monks generally means not eating after noon. Devout laypersons also follow this rule during special days of religious observance (''[[uposatha]]'').<ref>Johnston, William M. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Monasticism'', Routledge, 2013, p. 467-468.</ref> Observing the Uposatha also includes other practices dealing with renunciation, mainly the [[eight precepts]].

For Buddhist monastics, renunciation can also be trained through several optional ascetic practices called ''[[Dhutanga|dhutaṅga]]''.

In different Buddhist traditions, other related [[Fasting in Buddhism|practices which focus on fasting]] are followed.