Sleep deprivation

===Other effects===

The National Sleep Foundation identifies several warning signs that a driver is dangerously fatigued. These include rolling down the window, turning up the radio, having trouble keeping eyes open, head-nodding, drifting out of their lane, and daydreaming. At particular risk are lone drivers between midnight and 6:00 a.m.<ref name="SleepFoundationDrowsyDriving">{{cite web|date=2 December 2009|title=Drowsy Driving:Key Messages and Talking Points|url=http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Drowsy%20Driving-Key%20Messages%20and%20Talking%20Points.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126062848/http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Drowsy%20Driving-Key%20Messages%20and%20Talking%20Points.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2013|work=National Sleep Foundation}}</ref>

Sleep deprivation can negatively impact overall performance and has led to major fatal accidents. Due largely to the February 2009 crash of [[Colgan Air Flight 3407]], which killed 50 people and was partially attributed to pilot fatigue, the FAA reviewed its procedures to ensure that pilots are sufficiently rested. Air traffic controllers were under scrutiny when, in 2010, there were 10 incidents of controllers falling asleep while on shift.  The common practice of turn-around shifts caused sleep deprivation and was a contributing factor to all air traffic control incidents.  The FAA reviewed its practices for shift changes, and the findings showed that controllers were not well rested.<ref name="PlaneCrash">{{cite web|date=10 September 2010|title=Fact Sheet – Pilot Fatigue|url=http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=11857|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005194346/http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=11857|archive-date=5 October 2016|work=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref> A 2004 study also found medical residents with less than four hours of sleep a night made more than twice as many errors as the 11% of surveyed residents who slept for more than seven hours a night.<ref name="MedicalErrors">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baldwin DC, Daugherty SR | title = Sleep deprivation and fatigue in residency training: results of a national survey of first- and second-year residents | journal = Sleep | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–223 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15124713 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/27.2.217 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Twenty-four hours of continuous sleep deprivation results in the choice of less difficult math tasks without a decrease in subjective reports of effort applied to the task.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Naturally occurring sleep loss affects the choice of everyday tasks, such that low-effort tasks are mostly commonly selected.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} [[Adolescents]] who experience less sleep show a decreased willingness to engage in sports activities that require effort through fine motor coordination and attention to detail.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Engle-Friedman M, Riela S, Golan R, Ventuneac AM, Davis CM, Jefferson AD, Major D | title = The effect of sleep loss on next day effort | journal = Journal of Sleep Research | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–124 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12753348 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00351.x | s2cid = 13519528 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Engle-Friedman M, Palencar V, Riela S | title = Sleep and effort in adolescent athletes | journal = Journal of Child Health Care | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–141 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20435615 | doi = 10.1177/1367493510362129 | s2cid = 7680316 }}</ref>

Great sleep deprivation mimics psychosis: distorted perceptions can lead to inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses.<ref name="Coren">{{cite journal| vauthors = Coren S |date=1 March 1998|title=Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency|url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/54471|url-status=live|journal=Psychiatric Times|volume=15|issue=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904142025/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/54471|archive-date=4 September 2009|access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref>

Astronauts have reported [[Performance Errors due to Fatigue and Sleep Loss During Spaceflight|performance errors and decreased cognitive ability]] during periods of extended working hours and wakefulness, as well as sleep loss caused by circadian rhythm disruption and environmental factors.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Whitmire AM, Leveton LB, Barger L, Brainard G, Dinges DF, Klerman E, Shea C |title=Risk of Performance Errors due to Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, Fatigue, and Work Overload|url=http://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/Sleep.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215234226/http://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/Sleep.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2012|access-date=25 June 2012|work=Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions: Evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program}}</ref>

One study has found that a single night of sleep deprivation may cause tachycardia, a condition in which the heartrate exceeds 100 beats per minute (in the following day).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tachycardia - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tachycardia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355127 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sleeptachy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rangaraj VR, Knutson KL | title = Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities | journal = Sleep Medicine | volume = 18 | pages = 19–35 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26431758 | pmc = 4758899 | doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.535 }}</ref>

Generally, sleep deprivation may facilitate or intensify:<ref name="SleepDep">{{cite web|title=Sleep deprivation|url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Sleep_deprivation?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820003333/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Sleep_deprivation?OpenDocument|archive-date=20 August 2009|work=betterhealth.vic.gov.au}}</ref>
* aching muscles<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Morin CM |url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105845|title=Insomnia|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ.|year=2003|isbn=978-0-306-47750-8|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105845/page/n39 28] death}}</ref>
*[[confusion]], [[memory]] lapses or loss<ref name="BrainBasics">{{cite web | url = http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm | work = National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke | title = Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm| archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref>
* [[depression (mood)|depression]]<ref name="BrainBasics" />
* development of [[false memory]]
* [[hypnagogic]] and [[hypnopompic]] [[hallucination]]s during falling asleep and waking, which are entirely normal<ref name="Ohayon_et_al_1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Caulet M, Guilleminault C | title = Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena? | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 169 | issue = 4 | pages = 459–467 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8894197 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.169.4.459 | s2cid = 3086394 }}</ref>
* hand [[tremor]]<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Smith AP |title=Handbook of Human Performance|publisher=Acad. Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-12-650352-4|location=London|page=240}}</ref>
* [[headaches]]
* [[malaise]]
* [[stye]]
* [[periorbital puffiness]], commonly known as "bags under eyes" or [[eye bags]]
* increased [[blood pressure]]<ref name="health.harvard.edu">{{cite web|date=31 May 2012|title=Harvard Heart Letter examines the costs of not getting enough sleep – Harvard Health Publications|url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/sleep_deprivation_problem.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509104601/http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/sleep_deprivation_problem.htm|archive-date=9 May 2011|access-date=13 August 2012|publisher=Health.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* increased [[stress hormone]] levels<ref name="health.harvard.edu" />
* increased risk of type 2 [[diabetes]]<ref name="health.harvard.edu" />
* lowering of [[immunity (medical)|immunity]], increased susceptibility to illness<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Olson E |date=9 June 2015|title=Lack of sleep: Can it make you sick?|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757|access-date=26 August 2018|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref>
* increased risk of [[fibromyalgia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Magnesium in Fibromyalgia|url=http://web.mit.edu/london/www/magnesium.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729085013/http://web.mit.edu/london/www/magnesium.html|archive-date=29 July 2012|access-date=13 August 2012|publisher=Web.mit.edu}}</ref>
* [[irritability]]<ref name="SleepDep" />
* [[nystagmus]] (rapid involuntary rhythmic eye movement)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Citek K, Ball B, Rutledge DA | title = Nystagmus testing in intoxicated individuals | journal = Optometry | volume = 74 | issue = 11 | pages = 695–710 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14653658 | url = http://www.decp.org/pdfs/nystagmus.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064218/http://www.decp.org/pdfs/nystagmus.pdf | archive-date = 16 July 2011 }}</ref> 
* [[obesity]]<ref name="health.harvard.edu" />
* [[epileptic seizure|seizures]]<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Engel J, Pedley TA, Aicardi J |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TwlXrOBkAS8C&q=sleep+deprivation+seizure&pg=PA77|title=Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook - Google Books|year=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[temper tantrums]] in children<ref name="SleepDep" />
* violent behavior<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaughn MG, Salas-Wright CP, White NA, Kremer KP | title = Poor sleep and reactive aggression: Results from a national sample of African American adults | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Research | volume = 66-67 | pages = 54–59 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25940021 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.015 }}</ref>
* [[yawn]]ing<ref name="SleepDep" />
* [[mania]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wehr TA | title = Sleep-loss as a possible mediator of diverse causes of mania | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 159 | issue = 4 | pages = 576–578 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 1751874 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.159.4.576 | publisher = Bjp.rcpsych.org | s2cid = 22945599 }}</ref>
*[[Sleep inertia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 August 2009|title=Sleep deprivation - Better Health Channel.|url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Sleep_deprivation?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820003333/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Sleep_deprivation?OpenDocument|archive-date=20 August 2009|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>
Sleep deprivation may cause symptoms similar to:
* [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD)<ref name="SleepDep" />
* [[psychosis]]<ref name="Ohayon_et_al_1996" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://ts-si.org/content/view/2634/992/ | title = Neural Link Between Sleep Loss And Psychiatric Disorders | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228192413/http://ts-si.org/content/view/2634/992/| archive-date=28 February 2009 | work = ts-si.org | date = 24 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="sleep_dep">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan-Ob T, Boonyanaruthee V | title = Meditation in association with psychosis | journal = Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet | volume = 82 | issue = 9 | pages = 925–930 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10561951 }}</ref><ref name="sleep_dep3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Devillières P, Opitz M, Clervoy P, Stephany J | title = [Delusion and sleep deprivation] | journal = L'Encephale | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 229–231 | date = May–June 1996 | pmid = 8767052 }}</ref>

A 2009 review found that sleep loss had a wide range of cognitive and neurobehavioral effects including unstable attention, slowing of response times, decline of memory performance, reduced learning of cognitive tasks, deterioration of performance in tasks requiring divergent thinking, perseveration with ineffective solutions, performance deterioration as task duration increases; and growing neglect of activities judged to be nonessential.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564638/|title=Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation - PMC}}</ref>