Rome

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture in Rome}}

===Architecture===
{{Excerpt|Architecture of Rome}}
[[File:Palazzo della civiltà del lavoro (EUR, Rome) (5904657870).jpg|thumb|The [[Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana]] in [[EUR, Rome|EUR district]]]]

====Fountains and aqueducts====
{{Main|List of fountains in Rome|List of aqueducts in the city of Rome}}
[[File:Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy 2 - May 2007.jpg|thumb|Construction of the [[Trevi Fountain]] began during the time of Ancient Rome and was completed in 1762 by a design of [[Nicola Salvi]].]]

Rome is a city known for its numerous fountains, built-in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had [[fountain]]s for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the [[piazza]]s of Rome. During the [[Roman Empire]], in 98 AD, according to [[Sextus Julius Frontinus]], the Roman consul who was named ''[[Curator Aquarum|curator aquarum]]'' or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]] which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths, and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.<ref>Frontin, Les Aqueducs de la ville de Rome, translation and commentary by Pierre Grimal, Société d'édition Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1944.</ref>

During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other degraded Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".<ref>''Italian Gardens, a Cultural History'', Helen Attlee. Francis Lincoln Limited, London 2006.</ref>

====Statues====
{{See also|Talking statues of Rome}}
[[File:Vierströmebrunnen-Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (27903447766).jpg|thumb|right|Fontana dei Fiumi by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], 1648]]

Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the [[talking statues of Rome]]. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the [[Pasquino]] and the [[Marforio]], yet there are four other noted ones: [[il Babuino]], [[Madama Lucrezia]], [[il Facchino]] and [[Abbot Luigi]]. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents [[Menelaus]], Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be [[Silenus]], [[Marforio]] represents [[Oceanus]], Madama Lucrezia is a bust of [[Isis]], and [[il Facchino]] is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or [[graffiti]] expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to [[Giordano Bruno]] in the Campo de'Fiori.

====Obelisks and columns====
{{Main|List of obelisks in Rome}}
[[File:Piazza del Popolo Obelisco Flaminio a Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Flaminio Obelisk]], [[Piazza del Popolo]]]]

The city hosts eight [[ancient Egypt]]ian and five [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] [[obelisk]]s, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an [[Aksumite Empire|ancient Ethiopian]] obelisk in Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |title=Chasing Obelisks in Rome |publisher=Initaly.com |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206125357/http://initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |archive-date=6 February 2010}}</ref> The city contains some of obelisks in [[piazza]]s, such as in [[Piazza Navona]], [[Saint Peter's Square|St Peter's Square]], [[Piazza di Monte Citorio|Piazza Montecitorio]], and [[Piazza del Popolo]], and others in [[villa]]s, [[thermae]] parks and gardens, such as in [[Villa Mattei|Villa Celimontana]], the [[Baths of Diocletian]], and the [[Pincian Hill]]. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also [[Trajan's column|Trajan]]'s and [[Column of Marcus Aurelius|Antonine Column]], two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in [[Piazza Colonna]] and it was built around 180 AD by [[Commodus]] in memory of his parents. The [[Column of Marcus Aurelius]] was inspired by [[Trajan's Column]] at [[Trajan's Forum]], which is part of the [[Imperial Fora]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |title=7 Free Things To Do In Rome |publisher=roundtheworldmagazin.com |access-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217200236/http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |archive-date=17 February 2017 |date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

====Bridges====
{{Main|List of bridges in Rome}}
[[File:Bridge Vittorio Emanuele II at sunset.jpg|thumb|[[Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II]] at sunset]]

The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the [[Tiber]]. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is [[Pons Fabricius|Ponte dei Quattro Capi]], which connects the [[Isola Tiberina]] with the left bank. The other surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are [[Pons Cestius|Ponte Cestio]], [[Ponte Sant'Angelo]] and [[Ponte Milvio]]. Considering [[Ponte Nomentano]], also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the [[Aniene]], currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |title=The Bridges of Ancient Rome |publisher=Citrag.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113044759/http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref> Other noteworthy bridges are [[Ponte Sisto]], the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; [[Ponte Rotto]], actually the only remaining arch of the ancient ''Pons Aemilius'', collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and [[Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II]], a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the [[Ponte Sant'Angelo]], which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]] in 1688.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |title=Sant'Angelo Bridge |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109154613/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |archive-date=9 January 2010}}</ref>

====Catacombs====
{{Main|Catacombs of Rome}}
[[File:PiusXItomb2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Vatican Necropolis|Vatican Caves]] are the location of many papal burials.]]

Rome has an extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include [[Religion in ancient Rome|pagan]] and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through [[tuff]], a soft [[volcanic rock]], outside the boundaries of the city, because [[Roman law]] forbade burial places within city limits. Currently, maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the [[Pope|Papacy]] which has invested in the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]] the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.

===Entertainment and performing arts===
{{Main|Music in Rome|Events in Rome}}
[[File:Teatro dell'Opera a Roma.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]] at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli]]

Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the [[Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia]] (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new [[Parco della Musica]], one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]], as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|Eurovision Song Contest]] in 1991 and the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2004|MTV Europe Music Awards]] in 2004.

Rome has also had a major impact on music history. The [[Roman School]] was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] and early [[Baroque music|Baroque]] eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the [[Holy See|Vatican]] and the [[Sistine Chapel|papal chapel]], though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the [[Venetian School (music)|Venetian School]] of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, [[polyphony|polyphonic]] perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.

Between 1960 and 1970 Rome was considered to be as a "new Hollywood" because of the many actors and directors who worked there; Via Vittorio Veneto had transformed into a glamour place where you could meet famous people.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=LA NEW HOLLYWOOD: IL CONTESTO POLITICO-SOCIALE |url=http://www.unife.it/letterefilosofia/comunicazione/insegnamenti/storia_cinema/materiale_didattico/a-a-2016-2017/la-new-hollywood-il-contesto-politico-sociale-i-temi-lo-stile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125210955/http://www.unife.it/letterefilosofia/comunicazione/insegnamenti/storia_cinema/materiale_didattico/a-a-2016-2017/la-new-hollywood-il-contesto-politico-sociale-i-temi-lo-stile |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=Unife.it |publisher=Università degli Studi di Ferrara |language=it}}</ref>

===Fashion===
[[File:Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Via Condotti]]]]

Rome is also widely recognised as a world [[fashion capital]]. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 [[Global Language Monitor]] after [[Milan]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Paris]], and beating [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion |title=The Global Language Monitor » Fashion |publisher=Languagemonitor.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion |archive-date=1 November 2009}}</ref>

Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Bulgari]], [[Fendi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fendi.com/ |title=Fendi |publisher=fendi.com |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131001741/http://www.fendi.com/ |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref> [[Laura Biagiotti]], [[Brioni (brand)|Brioni]], and [[Renato Balestra]], are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as [[Gucci]], [[Chanel]], [[Prada]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Armani]], and [[Versace]] have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale [[Via Condotti|Via dei Condotti]].

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Roman cuisine}}
[[File:Spaghetti alla Carbonara.jpg|thumb|''Spaghetti [[Carbonara|alla carbonara]]'', a typical Roman dish]]

Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the [[Ancient Rome|ancient age]]. [[Ancient Roman cuisine]] was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2021-09-28 |title=Packs Of Ravenous Wild Boars Are Ransacking Rome |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/28/1041124299/wild-boars-rome-streets-food |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref>

Later, during the [[Renaissance]], Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example of this was [[Bartolomeo Scappi]], who was a chef working for [[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]; he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook ''Opera dell'arte del cucinare'' was published. In the book he lists approximately 1,000 recipes of the Renaissance [[cuisine]] and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a [[fork]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rolland |first=Jacques |title=The food encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Rose |location=Toronto |year=2006 |isbn=0-7788-0150-0 |oclc=70176309 |page=273}}</ref>
[[File:Concia di zucchine.jpg|thumb|''Concia di zucchine'', an example of Roman-Jewish cuisine]]
The [[Testaccio]], Rome's trade and slaughterhouse area, was often known as the "belly" or "slaughterhouse" of Rome, and was inhabited by butchers, or ''vaccinari''.<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313">Eyewitness Travel (2006), pg. 312 – 313</ref> The most common or ancient Roman cuisine included the "fifth quarter".<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/> The old-fashioned ''[[coda alla vaccinara]]'' (oxtail cooked in the way of butchers)<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/> is still one of the city's most popular meals and is part of most of Rome's restaurants' menus. Lamb is also a very popular part of Roman cuisine, and is often roasted with spices and herbs.<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/>

In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby [[Roman Campagna|Campagna]], as lamb and vegetables ([[artichoke|globe artichokes]] are common).<ref>{{cite book |title=Culinaria Italy |first=Claudia |last=Piras |publisher=Culinaria Konemann |year=2000 |isbn=3-8290-2901-2 |oclc=881159457 |page=291}}</ref> In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st century BC – developed their own cuisine, the ''cucina giudaico-romanesca''.

Examples of Roman dishes include ''[[saltimbocca]] alla romana'' – a veal cutlet, Roman-style, topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; ''[[carciofi alla romana]]'' – artichokes Roman-style, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; ''[[carciofi alla giudia]]'' – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; ''[[Carbonara|spaghetti alla carbonara]]'' – [[spaghetti]] with [[bacon]], [[egg (food)|eggs]] and ''[[pecorino]]''; and ''[[Gnocchi alla romana|gnocchi di semolino alla romana]]'' – [[semolina]] dumpling, Roman-style.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carnacina |author2=Buonassisi, Vincenzo |first=Luigi |title=Roma in Cucina |publisher=Giunti Martello |location=Milano |year=1975 |language=it}}</ref>

===Cinema===
{{Main|List of films set in Rome|List of films set in ancient Rome}}
[[File:Ingressostorico cinecitta.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà studios]], the largest film studio in [[Europe]]<ref name="cinecittà">{{cite web|url=https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/cinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani/|title=Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani|date=30 December 2021 |access-date=10 September 2022|language=it}}</ref>]]

Rome hosts the [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà Studios]],<ref name="romefile1">{{cite web |url=http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |title=History of Cinecittà Studios in Rome |publisher=Romefile |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501020709/http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian cinema]], where many of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The {{cvt|99|acre|ha|adj=on}} studio complex is {{cvt|9.0|km|mi}} from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]], with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Founded in 1937 by [[Benito Mussolini]], the studios were bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]] during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with [[Federico Fellini]]. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walkout" with a completed film.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Sports===
[[File:L'Olimpico - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Stadio Olimpico]], home of [[AS Roma]] and [[SS Lazio]], is one of the largest sports stadiums in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |title=Brief Guide to Olympic Stadium of Rome &#124; Spostare le Finale da Roma? No! Grazie |publisher=Maspostatevilaregina.com |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=30 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172341/http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>]]

[[Association football]] is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country.
The city hosted the final games of the [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]] and [[1990 FIFA World Cup]].
The latter took place in the [[Stadio Olimpico]], which is also the shared home stadium for local [[Serie A]] clubs [[SS Lazio]], founded in 1900, and [[AS Roma]], founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the [[Derby della Capitale]] has become a staple of Roman sports culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |title=Football First 11: Do or die derbies |publisher=CNN |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011443/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>
Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as [[Francesco Totti]] and [[Daniele De Rossi]] (both for AS Roma), and [[Alessandro Nesta]] (for SS Lazio).

[[File:Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg|right|thumb|[[Stadio dei Marmi]]]]

Rome hosted the [[1960 Summer Olympics]], with great success, using many ancient sites such as the [[Villa Borghese gardens|Villa Borghese]] and the [[Baths of Caracalla|Thermae of Caracalla]] as venues. For the Olympic Games many new facilities were built, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was then enlarged and renewed to host several matches and the final of the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]), the [[Stadio Flaminio]], the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a [[Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics|bid]] to host the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] but it was withdrawn.<ref name="olympic.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |title=Media |publisher=Olympic.org |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019052200/http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Bladesplace.id.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |title=Candidate Cities for Future Olympic Games |publisher=Bladesplace.id.au |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012174517/http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref>

Further, Rome hosted the [[EuroBasket 1991]] and is home to the internationally recognised basketball team [[Virtus Roma]]. [[Rugby union]] is gaining wider acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the [[Italy national rugby union team]], which has been playing in the [[Six Nations Championship]] since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as [[Rugby Roma Olimpic|Rugby Roma]] (winner of five Italian championships), [[Unione Rugby Capitolina]] and [[S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927]] (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio).

Every May, Rome hosts the [[ATP Masters 1000 tournaments|ATP Masters Series]] tennis tournament on the clay courts of the [[Foro Italico]]. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the [[Giro d'Italia]] three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Other local sports teams include volleyball ([[M. Roma Volley]]), [[handball]] or [[water polo|waterpolo]].