Puerto Rico

===Immigration and emigration===
{| style="float:center;" class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | Racial groups
|-
! Year !! Population !! White !! Mixed (mainly biracial white European and black African) !! Black !! Asian !! Other
|-
| 2000
| 3,808,610
| 80.5% (3,064,862)
| 11.0% (418,426)
| 8.0% (302,933)
| 0.2% (7,960)
| 0.4% (14,429)
|-
| 2010
| 3,725,789
| 75.8% (2,824,148)
| 11.1% (413,563)
| 12.4% (461,998)
| 0.2% (7,452)
| 0.6% (22,355)
|-
| 2016
| 3,195,153
| 68.9% (2,201,460)
|  n/a (n/a)
| 9.8% (313,125)
| 0.2% (6,390)
| 0.8% (25,561)
|}

The vast majority of recent immigrants, both legal and illegal, come from [[Latin America]], over half come from the [[Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico|Dominican Republic]]. Dominicans represent 53% of non-Puerto Rican Hispanics, about 1.8% of Puerto Rico's population.<ref name="refworld.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Puerto Rico: Dominicans |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International]] |year=2008 |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917070025/http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some illegal immigrants, particularly from Haiti, Dominican Republic,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |title=The Other Border: Puerto Rico's Seas |work=Latino USA |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724041327/http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Portadilla de Revista<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013730/http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> and Cuba{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}, use Puerto Rico as a temporary stop-over point to get to the U.S. mainland. Other major sources of recent immigrants include [[Cuba]], [[Colombia]], [[Mexico]], [[Venezuela]], [[Haiti]], [[Honduras]], [[Panama]], [[Ecuador]], [[Spain]], and [[Jamaica]].<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN PUERTO RICO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719105515/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table |date=19 July 2018 }} Universe: Foreign-born population in Puerto Rico excluding population born at sea. 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico |title=Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico |author=James Bargent |date=27 March 2017 |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021022301/http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico from the mainland United States, majority of which are [[Non-Hispanic Whites|White Americans]] and a smaller number are [[African Americans| Black Americans]]. In fact, non-hispanic people represent 1.1% and majority of them are from the mainland United States. Smaller numbers of U.S. citizens come from the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. There are also large numbers of [[Nuyorican]]s and other [[stateside Puerto Ricans]] coming back, as many Puerto Ricans engage in 'circular migration'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico's population swap: The middle class for millionaires |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131 |access-date=3 June 2015 |work=BBC |date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623111651/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131 |url-status=live }}</ref> Small numbers of non-Puerto Rican Hispanics in Puerto Rico are actually American-born migrants from the mainland United States and not recent immigrants. Most recent immigrants settle in and around the San Juan metropolitan area.

[[Emigration]] is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after [[World War&nbsp;II]], poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States mainland, particularly to the [[Northeastern United States|northeastern states]] and nearby [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210049/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-date=12 February 2020 |title=American FactFinder – Results |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) |access-date=5 April 2020 }}</ref> This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of "[[circular migration]]", with some migrants returning to the island. In recent years, the population has declined markedly, falling nearly 1% in 2012 and an additional 1% (36,000 people) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=9 February 2014 |work=The New York Times |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627005409/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The impact of hurricanes [[Hurricane Maria|Maria]] and [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] in 2017, combined with the unincorporated territory's worsening economy, led to its greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the archipelago.

According to the 2010 Census, the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico. Emigration exceeds immigration. As those who leave tend to be better educated than those who remain, this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico's economy.

Based on 1 July 2019 estimate by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pr|title=QuickFacts Puerto Rico|work=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330054937/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR|url-status=live}}</ref>