Prohibition

===Europe===
====Czech Republic====
{{Main|2012 Czech Republic methanol poisonings}}
On 14 September 2012, the Government of the [[Czech Republic]] banned all sales of alcoholic drinks with more than 20% alcohol. From this date, it was illegal to sell such alcoholic beverages in shops, supermarkets, bars, restaurants, filling stations, [[e-shop]]s etc. This measure was taken in response to the wave of [[methanol poisoning]] cases resulting in the deaths of 18 people in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nečas: Liquor needs new stamps before hitting the shelves|url=http://praguemonitor.com/2012/09/20/ne%C4%8D-liquor-needs-new-stamps-hitting-shelves|access-date=2012-09-20|newspaper=Prague Daily Monitor (ČTK)|date=2012-09-20|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131173720/http://praguemonitor.com/2012/09/20/ne%C4%8D-liquor-needs-new-stamps-hitting-shelves|archive-date=2013-01-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the beginning of the "[[2012 Czech Republic methanol poisonings|methanol affair]]" the total number of deaths has increased to 25.  The ban was to be valid until further notice,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-czech-alcohol-idUKBRE88D1GA20120914|title=Czechs ban sale of spirits after bootleg booze kills 19|work=Reuters UK|access-date=29 November 2015|date=2012-09-14}}</ref> though restrictions were eased towards the end of September.<ref>{{cite news|title=Czechs partially lift spirits ban after mass poisoning|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19738765|access-date=27 September 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=26 September 2012}}</ref> The last bans on Czech alcohol with regard to the poisoning cases were lifted on 10 October 2012, when neighbouring [[Slovakia]] and [[Poland]] allowed its import once again.<ref>{{cite news|title=Slovakia, Poland lift ban on Czech spirits |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/slovakia-czech.jxg/|access-date=22 February 2013|agency=EU Business|date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

====Nordic countries====<!-- This section is linked from many places -->
The [[Nordic countries]], with the exception of [[Denmark]], have had a strong [[temperance movement]] since the late-1800s, closely linked to the [[Christian revival]] movement of the late-nineteenth century, but also to several worker organisations. As an example, in 1910 the temperance organisations in [[Sweden]] had some 330,000 members,<ref>[http://www.iogt.info/106_Historia-2.html IOGT history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091646/http://www.iogt.info/106_Historia-2.html |date=2012-04-26 }} (in Swedish) Retrieved 2011-12-08</ref> which was about 6% of a population of 5.5 million.<ref>[http://www.scb.se/Grupp/Hitta_statistik/Historisk_statistik/_Dokument/BISOS_A/1910/Befolkning%20A%20Historisk%20statistik%201900-talet%201910.pdf SCB Population statistics for 1910] (in Swedish) Retrieved 2011-12-08</ref> This heavily influenced the decisions of Nordic politicians in the early 20th century.

In 1907, the [[Faroe Islands]] passed a law prohibiting all sale of alcohol, which was in force until 1992. Very restricted private importation from Denmark was allowed from 1928 onwards.

In 1914, Sweden put in place a rationing system, the [[Bratt System]], in force until 1955. A [[1922 Swedish prohibition referendum|referendum in 1922]] rejected an attempt to enforce total prohibition.

In 1915, [[Prohibition in Iceland|Iceland instituted total prohibition]]. The ban for wine was lifted in 1922 and spirits in 1935, but beer remained prohibited until 1989 (circumvented by mixing light beer and spirits).

In 1916, [[Norway]] prohibited [[distilled beverage]]s, and in 1917 the prohibition was extended to also include [[fortified wine]] and beer. The wine and beer ban was lifted in 1923, and in 1927 [[1926 Norwegian continued prohibition referendum|the ban of distilled beverages was also lifted]].

[[File:Alkoholin salakuljettajilta kieltolain aikaan takavarikoitua saalista (musketti.M012-HK10000-2663).jpg|thumb|Confiscated alcohol in Finland c. 1920s]]
In 1919, [[Finland]] enacted prohibition, as one of the first acts after independence from the [[Russian Empire]]. Four previous attempts to institute prohibition in the early twentieth century had failed due to opposition from the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]]. After a development similar to the one in the United States during its prohibition, with large-scale [[smuggling]] and increasing violence and crime rates, public opinion turned against the prohibition, and after a national [[1931 Finnish prohibition referendum|referendum]] where 70% voted for a repeal of the law, prohibition was abolished in early 1932.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 1017701|title = Finland's Prohibition Experiment|journal = The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume = 163|pages = 216–226|last1 = Wuorinen|first1 = John H.|year = 1932|doi = 10.1177/000271623216300123|s2cid = 143783269}}</ref><ref>S. Sariola, "Prohibition in Finland, 1919–1932; its background and consequences," ''Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcohol'' (Sep. 1954) 15(3) pp. 477–90</ref>

Today, all Nordic countries except Denmark continue to have strict controls on the sale of alcohol, which is highly taxed (dutied) to the public. There are [[alcohol monopoly|government monopolies]] in place for selling spirits, wine, and stronger beers in Norway ([[Vinmonopolet]]), Finland ([[Alko]]), Sweden ({{lang|sv|[[Systembolaget]]|italic=no}}), [[Iceland]] ([[Vínbúð]]in), and the Faroe Islands ([[Rúsdrekkasøla Landsins]]). Bars and restaurants may, however, import alcoholic beverages directly or through other companies.
{{See also|Alcoholic beverages in Sweden|Algoth Niska}}

[[Greenland]], which is part of the [[Kingdom of Denmark]], does not share its easier controls on the sale of alcohol.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefourthcontinent.com/2013/07/26/imagine-drinking-water-only-alcohol-and-greenland/|title=Imagine drinking water only: alcohol and Greenland|work=The Fourth Continent|access-date=29 November 2015|date=2013-07-26}}</ref> Greenland has (like Denmark) sales in food shops, but prices are typically high. Private import when travelling from Denmark is only allowed in small quantities.

====Russian Empire and the Soviet Union====
{{Main|Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union}}
In the [[Russian Empire]], a limited version of a Dry Law was introduced in 1914. It continued through the turmoil of the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution of 1917]] and the [[Russian Civil War]] into the period of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] and the [[Soviet Union]] until 1925.<ref>Patricia Herlihy, ''The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka & Politics in Late Imperial Russia'' (Oxford University Press, 2002). </ref>

====United Kingdom====
Although the sale or consumption of commercial alcohol has never been prohibited by law in the United Kingdom, various groups in the UK have campaigned for the prohibition of alcohol; including the [[Society of Friends]] (Quakers), [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|The Methodist Church]] and other [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|non-conformists]], as well as temperance movements such as [[Hope UK|Band of Hope]] and [[Chartism|temperance Chartist]] movements of the nineteenth century.

Formed in 1853 and inspired by the [[Maine law]] in the United States, the [[United Kingdom Alliance]] aimed at promoting a similar law prohibiting the sale of alcohol in the UK. This hard-line group of prohibitionists was opposed by other temperance organisations who preferred moral persuasion to a legal ban. This division in the ranks limited the effectiveness of the temperance movement as a whole. The impotence of legislation in this field was demonstrated when the [[Sale of Beer Act 1854]], which restricted Sunday opening hours, had to be repealed, following widespread rioting. In 1859, a prototype prohibition bill was overwhelmingly defeated in the House of Commons.<ref>Nick Brownlee (2002) ''This is Alcohol'': 99–100</ref>

On 22 March 1917, during the [[First World War]] at a crowded meeting in the [[Queen's Hall]] in London (chaired by [[Alfred Booth]]) many influential people including [[Agnes Weston]] spoke, or letters from them were read out, against alcohol consumption, calling for prohibition; General Sir [[Reginald Hart]] wrote to the meeting that "Every experienced officer knew that practically all unhappiness and crime in the Army is due to drink". At the meeting, [[Lord Channing]] said that it was a pity that the whole [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] did not follow the example of [[King George V]] and [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] when in 1914 those two spoke calling for complete prohibition for the duration of the war.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', Friday 23 March 1917, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', Thursday 23 March 2017, p. 30</ref>

[[Edwin Scrymgeour]] served as Member of Parliament for Dundee between 15 November 1922 and 8 October 1931. He remains the only person to have ever been elected to the House of Commons on a prohibitionist ticket. In 1922, he defeated incumbent [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] member [[Winston Churchill]]; winning the seat for the 
[[Scottish Prohibition Party]], which he had founded in 1901, and for which he had stood for election successfully as a Dundee [[Burgh Council]]lor in 1905 and unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate between 1908 and 1922.
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