Philippines

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines}}
[[File:Banate Water District.jpg|thumb|alt=A low, blue building|A water-district office in [[Banate, Iloilo]]]]

Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local [[water district]]s in cities or towns.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Franceys |editor-first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ |title=Regulating Water and Sanitation for the Poor: Economic Regulation for Public and Private Partnerships |editor-last2=Gerlach |editor-first2=Esther |date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-55889-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 146] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kohsaka-2007">{{cite book|editor-last1=Kohsaka |editor-first1=Akira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ |title=Infrastructure Development in the Pacific Region |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-134-22761-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 227] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=McDonald |editor-first1=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luZiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118 |title=Rethinking Corporatization and Public Services in the Global South |date=April 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-78360-020-5 |language=en}}</ref> Metro Manila is served by [[Manila Water]] and [[Maynilad Water Services]]. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the [[National Water Resources Board]].<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to {{convert|91|e9m3|sp=us}} from {{convert|89|e9m3|sp=us}} in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱{{#expr:59.37+47.12+38.32}}&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Del Prado |first1=Divina Gracia L. |title=Country's Overall Water Use Efficiency increased by 5.5 percent in 2022 |date=October 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005062929/https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2015, the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to [[improved sanitation]] and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ |title=Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment |date=2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-92-4-150914-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 68]}}</ref> Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities {{as of|2016|lc=y}}; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.<ref name="DOH-2018" />{{rp|page=46}}
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