Jews

== Contributions ==

Jewish individuals have played a significant role in the development of [[Western culture]],<ref name="Cambridge University Historical Series"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Judaism – The Judaic tradition &#124; Britannica|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/The-Judaic-tradition|access-date=20 August 2022|language=en|quote=Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West}}</ref> advancing many fields of thought, [[Jewish culture#Science and technology|science and technology]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> both historically and in modern times,<ref>{{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Richard H.|title=Judaism and Global Survival|year=2001|publisher=Lantern Books|location=New York|isbn=1-930051-87-5|page=153}}</ref> including through discrete trends in [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Jewish ethics]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sekine |first1=Seizo |title=A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism |date=20 January 2005 |publisher=Sheed & Ward |isbn=978-1-4616-7459-7 }}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> and [[Jewish literature]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> as well as specific trends in [[Jewish culture]], including in [[Jewish art]], [[Jewish music]], [[Jewish humor]], [[Jewish theatre]], [[Jewish cuisine]] and [[Jewish medicine]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=14 May 2012|title=Tracing the Path of Jewish Medical Pioneers|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/health/exhibition-traces-the-emergence-of-jews-as-medical-innovators.html|access-date=20 August 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Shatzmiller, Joseph. Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California, 1995. Print.</ref> Jews have established various [[Jewish political movements]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> and [[Jewish religious movements]], and, though the [[Authorship of the Bible|authorship of the Hebrew Bible]] and parts of the [[New Testament]],<ref name="Dimont2004"/><ref name="Galambush2011"/> provided the foundation for [[Christianity]],<ref name="BarclaySweet1996"/> and for [[Islam]].<ref name="Paterson2009"/> More than 20&nbsp;percent<ref>{{cite book|last=Shalev|first=Baruch|title=100 Years of Nobel Prizes|year=2005|page=57|quote=A striking fact... is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith—over 20% of the total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. These numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14&nbsp;million people (0.2% of the world's population) are Jewish.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/16556/as-the-nobel-prize-marks-centennial-jews-constitute-1-5-of-laureates/|title=As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates|access-date=3 April 2012|last=Dobbs|first=Stephen Mark|date=12 October 2001|newspaper=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]]|quote=Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize—perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishbiography.com/biographies/list-of-jews/jewish-nobel-prize-winners/index.html|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|access-date=25 November 2011|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170057/http://www.jewishbiography.com/biographies/list-of-jews/jewish-nobel-prize-winners/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Judaism for dummies|chapter=28|year=2001|quote=Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.|author1=Ted Falcon |author2=David Blatner |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It|author=Lawrence E. Harrison|page=102|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|quote=That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880s America|page=1|year=2006|publisher=Behrman House, Inc.|quote=These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population!|author1=Jonathan B. Krasner |author2=Jonathan D. Sarna}}</ref> of the awarded [[Nobel Prize]] have gone to individuals of [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates|Jewish descent]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|website=Jinfo.org|access-date=16 March 2016|quote=At least 194 Jews and people of half- or three-quarters-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize, accounting for 22% of all individual recipients worldwide between 1901 and 2015, and constituting 36% of all US recipients during the same period. In the scientific research fields of Chemistry, Economics, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine, the corresponding world and US percentages are 26% and 38%, respectively. Among women laureates in the four research fields, the Jewish percentages (world and US) are 33% and 50%, respectively. Of organizations awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 22% were founded principally by Jews or by people of half-Jewish descent. Since the turn of the century (i.e., since the year 2000), Jews have been awarded 25% of all Nobel Prizes and 28% of those in the scientific research fields.}}</ref>