19th century

===1851–1900===
{{for|later events|Timeline of the 20th century}}
* [[1851]]: The [[Great Exhibition]] in London was the world's first international Expo or [[World's fair|World Fair]].
* [[1852]]: [[Frederick Douglass]] delivers his speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in [[Rochester, New York]].
* [[1857]]: Sir [[Joseph Whitworth]] designs the first long-range [[sniper rifle]].
* [[1857]]–[[1858]]: [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The British Empire assumes control of India from the [[East India Company]].
* [[1858]]: Construction of [[Big Ben]] is completed.
* [[1859]]–[[1869]]: [[Suez Canal]] is constructed.
[[File:SuezCanalKantara.jpg|thumb|upright|The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal]]]]
* [[1860]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] launches the [[Expedition of the Thousand]].
* [[1861]]: Russia [[Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia|abolishes serfdom]].
* [[1862]]–[[1877]]: [[Dungan revolt (1862–1877)|Muslim Rebellion]] in north-west China.
* [[1863]]: Formation of the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|International Red Cross]] is followed by the adoption of the [[First Geneva Convention]] in 1864.
* [[1865]]–[[1877]]: [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
* [[1867]]: [[Canada]] is formed, via the process of [[Canadian Confederation]].
* [[1868]]: [[Michael Barrett (Fenian)|Michael Barrett]] is the last person to be publicly hanged in England.
* [[1869]]: The [[Suez Canal]] opens linking the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] to the [[Red Sea]].
[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|thumb|upright|A barricade in the [[Paris Commune]], 18 March 1871. Around 30,000 Parisians were killed, and thousands more were later executed.]]
[[File:Schwarzer Freitag Wien 1873.jpg|thumb|upright|Black Friday, 9 May 1873, Vienna Stock Exchange. The [[Panic of 1873]] and [[Long Depression]] followed.]]
* [[1870]]: Official dismantling of the [[Cultivation System]] and beginning of a '[[Liberal Period (Dutch East Indies)|Liberal Policy]]' of deregulated exploitation of the Netherlands East Indies.<ref name="VICKERS_xii">Vickers (2005), page xii</ref>
* [[1870]]–[[1890]]: [[Long Depression]] in [[Western Europe]] and [[North America]].
* [[1871]]–[[1872]]: [[List of famines|Famine]] in [[Iran|Persia]] is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
* [[1871]]: The [[Paris Commune]] briefly rules the French capital.
* [[1872]]: [[Yellowstone National Park]], the first [[national park]], is created.
* [[1874]]: The ''Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs'', better known as the [[Impressionist]]s, organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]].
* [[1874]]: The Home Rule Movement is established in [[Ireland]].
* [[1875]]: ''[[HMS Challenger]]'' surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the [[Challenger Deep]]
* [[1876]]: [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] leads to the death of [[General Custer]] and victory for the alliance of [[Lakota people|Lakota]], [[Northern Cheyenne|Cheyenne]] and [[Arapaho]]
* [[1876]]–[[1914]]: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the [[Gilded Age]].
* [[1877]]: [[Great Railroad Strike]] in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide [[Strike action|labour strike]].
* [[1881]]: Wave of [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire|pogroms]] begins in the Russian Empire.
* [[1881]]–[[1882]]: The [[Jules Ferry laws]] are passed in [[French Third Republic|France]] establishing free, secular education.
* [[1883]]: [[Krakatoa]] volcano explosion, one of the largest in modern history.
* [[1883]]: The [[quagga]] is rendered extinct.
* [[1886]]: Construction of the [[Statue of Liberty]]; [[Coca-Cola]] is developed.
* [[1888]]: Founding of the shipping line ''[[Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij]]'' (KPM) that supported the unification and development of the colonial economy.<ref name="VICKERS_xii"/>
* [[1888]]: The [[Golden Law]] abolishes [[slavery in Brazil]].
* [[1889]]: [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated in [[Paris]].
[[File:Filipino Ilustrados Jose Rizal Marcelo del Pilar Mariano Ponce.jpg|thumb|upright|Studio portrait of ''[[Ilustrado]]s'' in Europe, {{Circa|1890}}]]
* [[1889]]: A republican military coup establishes the [[First Brazilian Republic]]. The [[Empire of Brazil|parliamentary constitutional monarchy]] is abolished.
* [[1889]]–[[1890]]: [[1889–1890 pandemic]] kills 1 million people. 
* [[1890]]: First use of the [[electric chair]] as a method of execution.
* [[1892]]: The [[World's Columbian Exposition]] was held in [[Chicago]] celebrating the 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]]'s arrival in the [[New World]].
* [[1892]]: [[Fingerprinting]] is officially adopted for the first time.
* [[1893]]: [[New Zealand]] becomes the first country to enact [[women's suffrage]].
* [[1893]]: The [[Coremans-de Vriendt law]] is passed in [[Belgium]], creating legal equality for [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language]]s.
* [[1894]]: The [[Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem]]<ref name="VICKERS_xii"/> resulted in the looting and destruction of Cakranegara Palace in [[Mataram (city)|Mataram]].<ref>Wahyu Ernawati: "Chapter 8: The Lombok Treasure", in ''Colonial collections Revisited'': Pieter ter Keurs (editor) Vol. 152, CNWS publications. Issue 36 of ''Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde'', Leiden. CNWS Publications, 2007. {{ISBN|978-90-5789-152-6}}. 296 pages. pp. 186–203</ref> J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist, discovers and secures [[Nagarakretagama]] manuscript in Lombok royal library.
* [[1896]]: [[Philippine Revolution]] ends declaring Philippines free from Spanish rule.
* [[1898]]: The United States gains control of [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Philippines]] after the [[Spanish–American War]].
* [[1898]]: [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] of [[Qing dynasty|China]] engineers a coup d'état, marking the end of the [[Hundred Days' Reform]]; the [[Guangxu Emperor]] is arrested.
* [[1900]]: {{lang|fr|[[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]]|italic=no}} held in Paris, prominently featuring the growing art trend [[Art Nouveau]].
* [[1900]]–[[1901]]: [[Eight-Nation Alliance|Eight nations invade China]] at the same time and ransack [[Forbidden City]].