Research

== Research statistics and funding ==
{{main|Research funding}}
{{expand section|funding for research in the humanities and other areas.
Presently, only scientific research is addressed|date=April 2019}}

Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources: [[Corporation|corporate]] [[research and development]] departments; [[private foundation]]s; and government research councils such as the [[National Institutes of Health]] in the US<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://report.nih.gov/|title=Home &#124; RePORT|website=report.nih.gov|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521144521/https://report.nih.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] in the UK. These are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors. Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research but also as a source of merit. The [[Social Psychology Network]] provides a comprehensive list of U.S. Government and private foundation funding sources.

The total number of researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants for individual countries is shown in the following table.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Country !! researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants 2018<ref>[https://www.unesco.org/reports/science/2021/en/statistics, Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table C2: Total researchers and researchers per million inhabitants, 2015 and 2018]</ref> 
|-
| {{flaglist| Algeria  }}  || 819
|-
| {{flaglist| Argentina}}  || 1192
|-
| {{flaglist| Austria}}  || 5733
|-
| {{flaglist| Belgium}}  || 5023
|-
| {{flaglist| Bulgaria}}  || 2343
|-
| {{flaglist| Canada}}  || 4326
|-
| {{flaglist| Chile}}  || 493
|-
| {{flaglist| China }}  || 1307  
|-
| {{flaglist| Costa Rica}}  || 380
|-
| {{flaglist| Croatia }}  || 1921
|-
| {{flaglist| Cyprus}}  || 1256
|-
| {{flaglist| Czechia}}  || 3863
|-
| {{flaglist| Denmark}}  || 8066
|-
| {{flaglist| Egypt }}  || 687
|-
| {{flaglist| Estonia}}  || 3755
|-
| {{flaglist| Finland}}  || 6861
|-
| {{flaglist| France}}  || 4715
|-
| {{flaglist| Georgia }}  || 1464
|-
| {{flaglist| Germany}}  || 5212
|-
| {{flaglist| Greece}}  || 3483
|-
| {{flaglist| Hungary}}  || 3238
|-
| {{flaglist| Iceland }}  || 6131
|-
| {{flaglist| India }}  || 253 
|-
| {{flaglist| Indonesia }}  || 216
|-
| {{flaglist| Iran }}  || 1475
|-
| {{flaglist| Ireland}}  || 5243
|-
| {{flaglist| Israel}}  || 2307
|-
| {{flaglist| Italy}}  || 2307
|-
| {{flaglist| Japan }}  || 5331
|-
| {{flaglist| Jordan }}  || 596 
|-
| {{flaglist| Kazakhstan}}  || 667
|-
| {{flaglist| Kuwait }}  || 514 
|-
| {{flaglist| Latvia}}  || 1792
|-
| {{flaglist| Lithuania}}  || 3191
|-
| {{flaglist| Luxembourg }}  || 4942
|-
| {{flaglist| Malaysia }}  || 2397
|-
| {{flaglist| Malta }}  || 1947
|-
| {{flaglist| Mauritius }}  || 474
|-
| {{flaglist| Mexico}}  || 315
|-
| {{flaglist| Moldova}}  || 696
|-
| {{flaglist| Montenegro}}  || 734
|-
| {{flaglist| Morocco }}  || 1074
|-
| {{flaglist| Netherlands }}  || 5605
|-
| {{flaglist| New Zealand }}  || 5530 
|-
| {{flaglist| North Macedonia}}  || 799
|-
| {{flaglist| Norway }}  || 6467
|-
| {{flaglist| Pakistan }}  || 336
|-
| {{flaglist| Poland }}  || 3106
|-
| {{flaglist| Portugal }}  || 4538
|-
| {{flaglist| Romania }}  || 882
|-
| {{flaglist| Russia }}  || 2784
|-
| {{flaglist| Serbia }}  || 2087
|-
| {{flaglist| Singapore }}  || 6803 
|-
| {{flaglist| Slovakia }}  || 2996
|-
| {{flaglist| Slovenia }}  || 4855
|-
| {{flaglist| South Africa }}  || 518 
|-
| {{flaglist| South Korea }}  || 7980 
|-
| {{flaglist| Spain }}  || 3001
|-
| {{flaglist| Sweden}}  || 7536
|-
| {{flaglist| Switzerland}}  || 5450
|-
| {{flaglist| Thailand }}  || 1350
|-
| {{flaglist| Tunisia }}  || 1772 
|-
| {{flaglist| Turkey }}  || 1379
|-
| {{flaglist| Ukraine }}  || 988
|-
| {{flaglist| United Arab Emirates }}  || 2379
|-
| {{flaglist| United Kingdom }}  || 4603
|-
| {{flaglist| United States of America }}  || 4412
|-
| {{flaglist| Uruguay}}  || 696
|-
| {{flaglist| Vietnam}}  || 708
|}

Research expenditure by type of research as a share of GDP for individual countries is shown in the following table.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Country
! colspan="4" |Research expenditure as a share of GDP by type of research (%), 2018<ref>[https://www.unesco.org/reports/science/2021/en/statistics, Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table B1: Research expenditure as a share of GDP and in purchasing power parity dollars (PPP$),  2015–2018, year 2018 ]</ref> 
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | Basic
! data-sort-type="number" | Applied
! data-sort-type="number" | Development
|-
|-
| {{flaglist| Algeria  }}  || 0.01 || 0.27 || 0.02
|-
| {{flaglist| Argentina}}  || 0.14 || 0.27 || 0.12
|-
| {{flaglist| Austria}}  || 0.54 || 1.00 || 1.46
|-
| {{flaglist| Belgium}}  || 0.30 || 1.24 || 1.16
|-
| {{flaglist| Bulgaria}}  || 0.08 || 0.47 || 0.20
|-
| {{flaglist| Chile}}  || 0.10 || 0.14 || 0.08
|-
| {{flaglist| China }}  || 0.12  || 0.24 ||  1.82
|-
| {{flaglist| Costa Rica}}  || 0.10 || 0.07 || 0.02
|-
| {{flaglist| Croatia }}  || 0.33  || 0.28 || 0.25
|-
| {{flaglist| Cyprus}}  || 0.08 || 0.30 || 0.18
|-
| {{flaglist| Czechia}}  || 0.50 || 0.77 || 0.66
|-
| {{flaglist| Denmark}}  || 0.56 || 0.95 || 1.54
|-
| {{flaglist| Estonia}}  || 0.35 || 0.28 || 0.66
|-
| {{flaglist| France}}  || 0.50 || 0.92 || 0.78
|-
| {{flaglist| Greece}}  || 0.35 || 0.37 || 0.41
|-
| {{flaglist| Hungary}}  || 0.26 || 0.30 || 0.78
|-
| {{flaglist| Iceland }}  || 0.43 || 0.95 || 0.66
|-
| {{flaglist| India }}  || 0.10  || 0.15 || 0.13
|-
| {{flaglist| Ireland}}  || 0.22 || 0.42 || 0.55
|-
| {{flaglist| Italy}}  || 0.31 || 0.58 || 0.49
|-
| {{flaglist| Israel }}  || 0.52 || 0.51 || 3.93
|-
| {{flaglist| Japan }}  || 0.41 || 0.62 || 2.10
|-
| {{flaglist| Kazakhstan}}  || 0.02 || 0.07 || 0.03
|-
| {{flaglist| Kuwait }}  || 0.00  || 0.06 || 0.00
|-
| {{flaglist| Latvia}}  || 0.16 || 0.22 || 0.13
|-
| {{flaglist| Lithuania}}  || 0.24 || 0.38 || 0.28
|-
| {{flaglist| Luxembourg }}  || 0.48 || 0.49 || 0.33
|-
| {{flaglist| Malaysia }}  || 0.42 || 0.81 || 0.21
|-
| {{flaglist| Malta }}  || 0.30 || 0.19 || 0.09
|-
| {{flaglist| Mauritius }}  || 0.03 || 0.12 || 0.02
|-
| {{flaglist| Mexico}}  || 0.10 || 0.09 || 0.12
|-
| {{flaglist| Montenegro}}  || 0.10 || 0.21 || 0.04
|-
| {{flaglist| Netherlands }}  || 0.52 || 0.87 || 0.60
|-
| {{flaglist| New Zealand }}  || 0.34  || 0.55 || 0.48
|-
| {{flaglist| North Macedonia}}  || 0.09 || 0.23 || 0.05
|-
| {{flaglist| Norway }}  || 0.38 || 0.79 || 0.93
|-
| {{flaglist| Poland }}  || 0.30 || 0.18 || 0.55
|-
| {{flaglist| Portugal }}  || 0.29 || 0.51 || 0.53
|-
| {{flaglist| Romania }}  || 0.10 || 0.31 || 0.09
|-
| {{flaglist| Russia }}  || 0.15 || 0.21 || 0.65
|-
| {{flaglist| Serbia }}  || 0.29 || 0.34 || 0.29
|-
| {{flaglist| Singapore }}  || 0.46 || 0.61 || 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Slovakia }}  || 0.33 || 0.20 || 0.30
|-
| {{flaglist| Slovenia }}  || 0.33 || 0.82 || 0.71
|-
| {{flaglist| South Africa }}  || 0.22  || 0.44 || 0.17
|-
| {{flaglist| South Korea }}  || 0.68  || 1.06 || 3.07
|-
| {{flaglist| Spain }}  || 0.26 || 0.50 || 0.45
|-
| {{flaglist| Switzerland}}  || 1.41 || 1.09 || 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Thailand }}  || 0.10 || 0.27 || 0.64
|-
| {{flaglist| Ukraine }}  || 0.11 || 0.10 || 0.27
|-
| {{flaglist| United Kingdom }}  || 0.30 || 0.74 || 0.64
|-
| {{flaglist| United States of America }}  || 0.47 || 0.56 || 1.80
|-
| {{flaglist| Vietnam}}  || 0.07 || 0.30 || 0.04
|}