Renaissance Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Portugal=== {{main|Portuguese Renaissance}} Although Italian Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts, Portugal was influential in broadening the European worldview,<ref name=JCBL>{{cite web |title=Portuguese Overseas Travels and European Readers|url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/Portugal/Overseas.html|work=Portugal and Renaissance Europe|publisher=The John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions, Brown University |access-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112175553/http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/Portugal/Overseas.html |archive-date= 12 November 2011 }}</ref> stimulating humanist inquiry. Renaissance arrived through the influence of wealthy Italian and Flemish merchants who invested in the profitable commerce overseas. As the pioneer headquarters of European exploration, [[Lisbon]] flourished in the late 15th century, attracting experts who made several breakthroughs in mathematics, astronomy and naval technology, including [[Pedro Nunes]], [[João de Castro]], [[Abraham Zacuto]], and [[Martin Behaim]]. Cartographers [[Pedro Reinel]], [[Lopo Homem]], [[Estêvão Gomes]], and [[Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)|Diogo Ribeiro]] made crucial advances in mapping the world. Apothecary [[Tomé Pires]] and physicians [[Garcia de Orta]] and Cristóvão da Costa collected and published works on plants and medicines, soon translated by Flemish pioneer botanist [[Carolus Clusius]]. [[File:São Pedro (c. 1529) - Grão Vasco (Museu Nacional Grão Vasco).png|thumb|left|''São Pedro Papa'', 1530–1535, by [[Grão Vasco|Grão Vasco Fernandes]]. A pinnacle piece from when the Portuguese Renaissance had considerable external influence.]] In architecture, the huge profits of the [[spice trade]] financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century, the [[Manueline]], incorporating maritime elements.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Bergin | editor-first=Thomas G. | editor-link=Thomas G. Bergin | editor2-last=Speake | editor2-first=Jennifer | editor2-link=Jennifer Speake |title=Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0816054510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&pg=PP1}}</ref> The primary painters were [[Nuno Gonçalves]], [[Gregório Lopes]], and [[Vasco Fernandes (artist)|Vasco Fernandes]]. In music, [[Pedro de Escobar]] and [[Duarte Lobo]] produced four songbooks, including the [[Cancioneiro de Elvas]]. In literature, [[Sá de Miranda]] introduced Italian forms of verse. [[Bernardim Ribeiro]] developed [[Pastoral#Pastoral romances|pastoral romance]], plays by [[Gil Vicente]] fused it with popular culture, reporting the changing times, and [[Luís de Camões]] inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem ''[[Os Lusíadas]]''. [[Travel literature]] especially flourished: [[João de Barros]], [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]], [[António Galvão]], [[Gaspar Correia]], [[Duarte Barbosa]], and [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]], among others, described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press.<ref name="JCBL"/> After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500, [[Amerigo Vespucci]] coined the term [[New World]],<ref name=Bergin>{{cite book|last1=Bergin|last2=Speake |first2=Jennifer |first1=Thomas G.|title=Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0816054510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&pg=PP490|page=490}}</ref> in his letters to [[Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici]]. The intense international exchange produced several cosmopolitan humanist scholars, including [[Francisco de Holanda]], [[André de Resende]], and [[Damião de Góis]], a friend of Erasmus who wrote with rare independence on the reign of King [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]]. [[Diogo de Gouveia|Diogo]] and [[André de Gouveia]] made relevant teaching reforms via France. Foreign news and products in the Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Antwerp]] attracted the interest of Thomas More<ref name=Bietenholz>{{cite book |last1=Bietenholz |first1=Peter G. |last2=Deutscher |first2=Thomas Brian |title=Contemporaries of Erasmus: a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volumes 1–3 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0802085771|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hruQ386SfFcC&pg=RA1-PA22}}</ref> and Albrecht Dürer to the wider world.<ref>{{cite book | last=Lach | first=Donald Frederick | year=1994 | title=Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines | publisher=University of Chicago Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhE3sPY78s0C&pg=PA6 | access-date=15 July 2011| isbn=978-0226467337}}</ref> There, profits and know-how helped nurture the [[Dutch Renaissance]] and [[Dutch Golden Age|Golden Age]], especially after the arrival of the wealthy cultured Jewish community expelled from Portugal. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page