Philippines

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in the Philippines}}
[[File:Ambuklao Dam captured by Mitchell Yumul.jpeg|thumb|alt=A large dam, seen from above|The [[Ambuklao Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Bokod, Benguet]]]]

The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 [[Watt|MW]] in 2021; 43 percent was generated from [[Coal mining in the Philippines|coal]], 14 percent from [[oil]], 14 percent [[hydropower]], 12 percent from [[natural gas]], and seven percent from [[Geothermal power|geothermal]] sources.<ref>{{cite report|title=2021 Power Statistics |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |publisher=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221042947/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref> It is the world's third-biggest [[Geothermal power in the Philippines|geothermal-energy producer]], behind the United States and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |title=Renewables 2022: Global Update Report |publisher=[[REN21]] Secretariat |location=Paris, France |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-948393-04-5 |page=108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616033736/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref> The country's largest dam is the {{convert|1.2|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} [[San Roque Dam (Philippines)|San Roque Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Pangasinan]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |title=GCC Annual Review 2021 |publisher=The Green Certificate Company Limited |page=16 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219225148/https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2023}}</ref> The [[Malampaya gas field]], discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347|name=347}}}}<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2016 |date= 2016 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-910068-55-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122] |language=en}}</ref>

The Philippines has three [[electrical grid]]s, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.<ref name="Ma-2016">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ma |first1=Zheng |last2=Jørgensen |first2=Bo Nørregaard |last3=Billanes |first3=Joy Dalmacio |title=Smart Energy in the Philippines |url=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |website=SDU's Research Portal |publisher=[[University of Southern Denmark]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |pages=14, 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194551/https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |date=September 2016}}</ref> The [[National Grid Corporation of the Philippines]] manages [[Electricity sector in the Philippines|the country's power grid]] since 2009<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Gatdula |first1=Donnabelle L. |title=National Grid takes over TransCo |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |access-date=August 31, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=January 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531011538/https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |archive-date=May 31, 2023}}</ref> and provides [[overhead power line|overhead transmission line]]s across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers [[List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines|is provided]] by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned [[electric cooperative]]s.<ref name="Ma-2016" /> As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.<ref>{{cite report |title=40th Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) Implementation Status Report (For the Report Period April 2022) |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |website=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501231703/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |page=69}}</ref>

Plans to harness [[Nuclear power in the Philippines|nuclear energy]] began during the early 1970s during the [[presidency of Ferdinand Marcos]] in response to the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 2023 |title=Nuclear Power in the Philippines |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219230358/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> The Philippines completed [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant|Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant]] in [[Bataan]] in 1984.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021">{{cite book|editor-last1=Pekkanen |editor-first1=Robert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics |editor-last2=Pekkanen |editor-first2=Saadia |date=October 25, 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-19-005099-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 311] |language=en}}</ref> Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] prevented the plant from being commissioned,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Mochizuki |editor-first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ |title=Nuclear Debates in Asia: The Role of Geopolitics and Domestic Processes |editor-last2=Ollapally |editor-first2=Deepa M. |date=2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4700-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 194] |language=en |author-link2=Deepa M. Ollapally}}</ref><ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines" /> and plans to operate it remain controversial.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Tan |first1=Rebecca |last2=Enano |first2=Jhesset O. |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Clean-energy push puts abandoned Philippine nuclear plant back in spotlight |language=en |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126032945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref>
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