Nelson Mandela

=== Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004 ===
[[File:Nelson Mandela, 2000 (4).jpg|thumb|right|Mandela visiting the [[London School of Economics]] in 2000]]

Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled ''[[Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years|The Presidential Years]]'', it remained unfinished and was only published posthumously in 2017.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2010|1p=576|2a1=Battersby|2y=2011|2pp=587–588}} Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving a daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, and—when in Johannesburg—working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2010|1p=576|2a1=Battersby|2y=2011|2pp=588–589}} Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as "a war" that had killed more than "all previous wars"; affiliating himself with the [[Treatment Action Campaign]], he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to [[anti-retrovirals]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lodge|1y=2006|1pp=219–220|2a1=Meredith|2y=2010|2pp=584–586|3a1=Battersby|3y=2011|3pp=590–591}} Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for [[prostate cancer]] in July 2001.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=598}}<ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm |title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' |date=15 August 2001 |access-date=26 May 2008 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724084819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the [[Mandela Rhodes Foundation]] was created at [[Rhodes House]], [[University of Oxford]], to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the [[46664 (concerts)|46664 campaign]] against HIV/AIDS.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|pp=589–590}} He gave the closing address at the [[XIII International AIDS Conference, 2000|XIII International AIDS Conference]] in Durban in 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/art16140.html |title=Closing Ceremony |first=Pablo |last=Tebas |date=13 July 2000 |publisher=The Body |access-date=25 February 2013 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508133609/http://www.thebody.com/content/art16140.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 2004, spoke at the [[XV International AIDS Conference, 2004|XV International AIDS Conference]] in [[Bangkok]], Thailand, calling for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Hogg |title=Mandela urges action to fight TB |work=BBC News|date=15 July 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3895525.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040718030822/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3895525.stm |archive-date=18 July 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son [[Makgatho Mandela|Makgatho]]'s death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/nelson-mandela/mandela-arrived-late-to-the-fight-against-hiv-aids/article548193/ |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |date=5 December 2013 |title=Mandela arrived late to the fight against HIV-AIDS |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418160048/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/nelson-mandela/mandela-arrived-late-to-the-fight-against-hiv-aids/article548193/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999 [[War in Kosovo|NATO intervention in Kosovo]] and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/iraq/doc/mandela1.html |title=Equipo Nizkor – Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq |agency=Reuters |last=Weir |first=Keith |date=13 April 2003 |publisher=Derechos.org |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514125430/http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/iraq/doc/mandela1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a [[war in Iraq]], describing it as "a tragedy" and lambasting US president [[George W. Bush]] and British prime minister [[Tony Blair]] (whom he referred to as an "American foreign minister") for undermining the UN, saying, "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is [[Iraqi oil]]".<ref>{{cite news |first=Jarrett |last=Murphy |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq |title=Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq |publisher=CBS News |date=30 January 2003 |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115202751/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq/ |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> He attacked the United States more generally, asserting that "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America", citing the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Japan]]; this attracted international controversy, although he later improved his relationship with Bush.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|pp=591–592}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2228971.stm |title=Mandela warns Bush over Iraq |date=1 September 2002 |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 October 2008 |first=John |last=Pienaar |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhQjsYTq?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2228971.stm |url-status=live }}; {{cite news|last=Fenton |first=Tom |publisher=CBS |title=Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq |date=30 January 2003 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml |access-date=26 May 2008 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhQr4N5U?url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in [[Barlinnie prison]] and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as "psychological persecution".{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=593}}
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