India

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Indian literature}}
The earliest literature in India, composed between {{BCE|1500}} and {{CE|1200}}, was in the [[Sanskrit]] language.{{sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000}} Major works of [[Sanskrit literature]] include the ''[[Rigveda]]'' ({{circa|{{BCE|1500}}|{{BCE|1200}}}}), the [[Indian epic poetry|epics]]: ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' ({{circa|{{BCE|400}}|{{CE|400}}}}) and the ''[[Ramayana]]'' ({{circa|{{BCE|300}}}} and later); ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam'' (''[[The Recognition of Śakuntalā]]''), and other dramas of [[Kālidāsa]] ({{circa|{{CE|5th century}}}}) and ''[[Sanskrit Classical poetry|Mahākāvya]]'' poetry.{{sfn|Johnson|2008}}{{sfn|MacDonell|2004|pp=1–40}}{{sfn|Kālidāsa|Johnson|2001}} In [[Tamil literature]], the [[Sangam literature]] ({{circa|{{BCE|600}}|{{BCE|300}}}}) consisting of 2,381 poems, composed by 473 poets, is the earliest work.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1997|p = 12}}{{sfn|Hart|1975}}{{sfn|Ramanujan|1985|pp=ix–x}}<ref>{{citation|title=Tamil Literature|year=2008|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Tamil-literature|access-date=12 February 2022<!--|quote=Apart from literature written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but [[Tamil literature]] proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the ''sangam'', or literary academy (see Sangam literature).-->}}</ref> From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of [[Bhakti movement|devotional poets]] like [[Kabir|Kabīr]], [[Tulsidas|Tulsīdās]], and [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nānak]]. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.{{sfn|Das|2005}} In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the [[Works of Rabindranath Tagore|works]] of the Bengali poet, author and philosopher [[Rabindranath Tagore]],{{sfn|Datta|2006}} who was a recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].