Hell

===Jainism===
{{Main|Naraka (Jainism)}}
[[File:Seven Jain Hells.jpg|thumb|right|17th-century cloth painting depicting seven levels of [[Jain cosmology|Jain]] Hell and various tortures suffered in them. Left panel depicts the demi-god and his animal vehicle presiding over each Hell.]]
In [[Jain cosmology]], ''Naraka'' (translated as hell) is the name given to realm of existence having great suffering. However, a Naraka differs from the hells of [[Abrahamic religions]] as souls are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment and punishment. Furthermore, length of a being's stay in a Naraka is not eternal, though it is usually very long and measured in billions of years. A soul is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her previous [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] (actions of body, speech and mind), and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result. After his karma is used up, he may be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened.

The hells are situated in the seven grounds at the lower part of the universe. The seven grounds are:
# Ratna prabha
# Sharkara prabha
# Valuka prabha
# Panka prabha
# Dhuma prabha
# Tamaha prabha
# Mahatamaha prabha

The hellish beings are a type of souls which are residing in these various hells. They are born in hells by sudden manifestation.<ref>{{cite book | last =Sanghvi | first =Sukhlal | title =Commentary on Tattvārthasūtra of Vācaka Umāsvāti | publisher =L. D. Institute of Indology | year =1974 | location =Ahmedabad |others=trans. by K. K. Dixit}} pp. 107</ref> The hellish beings possess ''vaikriya'' body (protean body which can transform itself and take various forms). They have a fixed life span (ranging from ten thousand to billions of years) in the respective hells where they reside. According to Jain scripture, [[Tattvarthasutra]], following are the causes for birth in hell:<ref>Sanghvi, Sukhlal (1974) pp.250–52</ref>
# Killing or causing pain with intense passion
# Excessive attachment to things and worldly pleasure with constantly indulging in cruel and violent acts
# Vowless and unrestrained life<ref>refer [[Mahavrata]] for the vows and restraints in Jainism</ref>
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