Europe

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Europe}}
{{See also|List of European countries by population|List of European countries by life expectancy|Ageing of Europe}}
[[File:Demographics of Europe.svg|thumb|[[Population growth]] in and around Europe in 2021<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2002rank.html CIA.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527070418/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2002rank.html |date=27 May 2016 }} CIA population growth rankings, CIA World Factbook</ref>]]

The population of Europe was about 742 million in 2023 according to UN estimates.{{UN_Population|ref}} This is slightly more than one ninth of the world's population.{{cref2|v}} The [[population density]] of Europe (the number of people per area) is the second highest of any continent, behind Asia. The population of Europe is currently slowly decreasing, by about 0.2% per year,<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |title=World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/53,50,51,52/locations/908/start/1990/end/2023/table/pivotbylocation |access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref> because [[sub-replacement fertility|there are fewer births than deaths]]. This natural decrease in population is reduced by the fact that more people [[Immigration to Europe|migrate to Europe]] from other continents than vice versa.

Southern Europe and Western Europe are the regions with the highest average number of elderly people in the world. In 2021, the percentage of people over 65 years old was 21% in Western Europe and Southern Europe, compared to 19% in all of Europe and 10% in the world.<ref>{{Citation |website=PRB |title=2021 World Population Data Sheet |url=https://interactives.prb.org/2021-wpds/ }}</ref> Projections suggest that by 2050 Europe will reach 30%.<ref>{{Citation |title=Population trends 1950 – 2100: globally and within Europe|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/total-population-outlook-from-unstat-3/assessment-1|website=European Environment Agency }}</ref> This is caused by the fact that the population has been [[total fertility rate|having children below replacement level]] since the 1970s. The [[United Nations]] predicts that Europe will decline its population between 2022 and 2050 by −7 per cent, without changing immigration movements.<ref name="Results">{{Citation |title=World Population Prospects 2022, Summary of Results|publisher=[[United Nations]]|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf |pages=7, 9}}</ref>

According to a population projection of the UN Population Division, Europe's population may fall to between 680 and 720 million people by 2050, which would be 7% of the world population at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/DemographicProfiles/Line/908 |website=population.un.org}}</ref> Within this context, significant disparities exist between regions in relation to [[fertility rates]]. The average number of [[List of countries and territories by fertility rate|children per female]] of child-bearing age is 1.52, far below the replacement rate.<ref>{{cite web |title=White Europeans: An endangered species? |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/23784 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519224458/http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/23784 |archive-date=19 May 2008 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=Yale Daily News}}</ref> The UN predicts a steady [[population decline]] in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] as a result of emigration and low birth rates.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1545634/UN-predicts-huge-migration-to-rich-countries.html UN predicts huge migration to rich countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614103137/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1545634/UN-predicts-huge-migration-to-rich-countries.html|date=14 June 2022}}. Telegraph. 15 March 2007.</ref>

===Ethnic groups===
{{main|Ethnic groups in Europe}}
{{further|Genetic history of Europe}}
Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute [[ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]].<ref>Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil, ''Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen'' (2002). [http://www.living-diversity.eu/Introduction.html Living-Diversity.eu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164413/http://www.living-diversity.eu/Introduction.html |date=20 July 2011 }}, English translation 2004.</ref>

===Migration===
{{main|Immigration to Europe|European diaspora}}
[[File:European Ancestry Large.svg|thumb|Map showing areas of European settlement (people who claim full European descent)|222x222px]]
Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at nearly 87 million people in 2020, according to the [[International Organisation for Migration]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Word migration report 2022. |date=2021 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1292425355 |access-date=2023-04-28 |place=NEW YORK |publisher=International Organization for Migration (IOM) |isbn=978-92-9268-078-7 |oclc=1292425355 |page = 87}}</ref> In 2005, the EU had an overall net gain from [[immigration]] of 1.8&nbsp;million people. This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total [[population growth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=402 |title=Europe: Population and Migration in 2005 |publisher=Migration Information Source |access-date=10 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075438/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=402 |archive-date=9 June 2008 |date=June 2006 }}</ref> In 2021, 827,000 persons were given citizenship of an EU member state, an increase of about 14% compared with 2020.<ref name="eurostatMigration">{{Citation |title=Migration and migrant population statistics – Statistics Explained |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics#Migration_flows:_Immigration_to_the_EU_was_2.3_million_in_2021 |access-date=2023-04-28 |language=en}}</ref> 2.3 million immigrants from non-EU countries entered the EU in 2021.<ref name="eurostatMigration" />

Early modern [[emigration from Europe]] began with Spanish and Portuguese settlers in the 16th century,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Brasil-Colônia|first1=Geraldo Pieroni doutor em História pela Université Paris-Sorbonnetambém escreveu os livros: Os Excluídos do Reino: Inquisição portuguesa e o degredo para o|last2=Brasil|first2=Os degredados na colonização do|last3=ciganos|first3=Vadios e|last4=autor|first4=Heréticos e Bruxas: os degredados no Brasil Textos publicados pelo autor Fale com o|title=A pena do degredo nas Ordenações do Reino – Jus.com.br {{!}} Jus Navigandi|url=https://jus.com.br/artigos/2125/a-pena-do-degredo-nas-ordenacoes-do-reino|access-date=11 February 2022|website=jus.com.br|language=pt-br|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220621184943/https://jus.com.br/artigos/2125/a-pena-do-degredo-nas-ordenacoes-do-reino|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br">{{cite web|title=Ensaio sobre a imigração portuguesa e os padrões de miscigenação no Brasil|url=http://www.ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br/media/manolo_imigracao_lusa.pdf|access-date=18 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162149/http://www.ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br/media/manolo_imigracao_lusa.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> and French and English settlers in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |title=The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America |first=James |last=Axtell |journal=Humanities |date=September–October 1991 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=12–18 |access-date=8 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052031/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> But numbers remained relatively small until waves of mass emigration in the 19th century, when millions of poor families left Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Evans | first1 = N.J. | doi = 10.1080/21533369.2001.9668313 | title = Work in progress: Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK, 1836–1914 | journal = Journal for Maritime Research | volume = 3 | pages = 70–84 | year = 2001 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Today, [[European diaspora|large populations of European descent]] are found on every continent. European ancestry predominates in North America and to a lesser degree in South America (particularly in [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]] and [[Brazil]], while most of the other [[Latin America]]n countries also have a considerable [[White Latin American|population of European origins]]). [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] have large European-derived populations. Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities (or with the exception of [[Cape Verde]] and probably [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], depending on context), but there are significant minorities, such as the [[White South Africans]] in [[South Africa]]. In Asia, European-derived populations, specifically [[Russians]], predominate in [[North Asia]] and some parts of Northern [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>Robert Greenall, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm Russians left behind in Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115111257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |date=15 November 2019 }}, [[BBC News]], 23 November 2005</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Europe}}
[[File:Simplified Languages of Europe map.svg|thumb|right|Distribution of major [[languages of Europe]]|222x222px]]{{See also|List of European languages by number of speakers}}
Europe has about 225 indigenous languages,<ref>[http://edl.ecml.at/LanguageFun/LanguageFacts/tabid/1859/Default.aspx Language facts – European day of languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002010444/http://edl.ecml.at/LanguageFun/LanguageFacts/tabid/1859/Default.aspx |date=2 October 2015 }}, Council of Europe. Retrieved 30 July 2015</ref> mostly falling within three [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language groups: the [[Romance languages]], derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] of the [[Roman Empire]]; the [[Germanic languages]], whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the [[Slavic languages]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Slavic languages are mostly spoken in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. Romance languages are spoken primarily in Western and Southern Europe, as well as in [[Switzerland]] in Central Europe and [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]] in Eastern Europe. Germanic languages are spoken in Western, Northern and Central Europe as well as in [[Gibraltar]] and [[Malta]] in Southern Europe.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Languages in adjacent areas show significant overlaps (such as in [[English (language)|English]], for example). Other Indo-European languages outside the three main groups include the [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] group ([[Latvian language|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]), the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] group ([[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Manx language|Manx]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and [[Breton language|Breton]]<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/>), [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]].

A distinct non-Indo-European family of [[Uralic languages]] ([[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Erzya language|Erzya]], [[Komi language|Komi]], [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Moksha language|Moksha]] and [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]) is spoken mainly in [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Hungary]] and parts of Russia. [[Turkic languages]] include [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], in addition to smaller languages in Eastern and Southeast Europe ([[Balkan Gagauz Turkish]], [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]], [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]], [[Nogai language|Nogai]] and [[Tatar language|Tatar]]). [[Kartvelian languages]] ([[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] and [[Svan language|Svan]]) are spoken primarily in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Two other language families reside in the North Caucasus (termed [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]], most notably including [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Avar language|Avar]] and [[Lezgian language|Lezgin]]; and [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]], most notably including [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]). [[Maltese language|Maltese]] is the only [[Semitic language]] that is official within the EU, while [[Basque language|Basque]] is the only European [[language isolate]].

Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today. The [[Council of Europe]] [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]] and the Council of Europe's [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe.

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Europe}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Europe according to the ''Global Religious Landscape'' survey by the [[Pew Research Center|Pew Forum]], 2016<ref name="Survey">{{cite web|author=Analysis |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |url-status=live |title=Global religious landscape|publisher=Pewforum.org |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 76.2
|color1 = Red
|label2 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
|value2 = 18.3
|color2 = #FFFFFF
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 4.9
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.2
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Hinduism]]
|value5 = 0.2
|color5 = Orange
|label6 = Folk religion
|value6 = 0.1
|color6 = Chartreuse
|label7 = Other religions
|value7 = 0.1
|color7 = Pink
}}
The largest religion in Europe is [[Christianity]], with 76.2% of Europeans considering themselves [[Christians]],<ref name="Christianity">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/#europe|title=Regional Distribution of Christians: Christianity in Europe|date=18 December 2011|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801012932/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/#europe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801204254/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-01 |url-status=live|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> including [[Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and various [[Protestant]] denominations. Among Protestants, the most popular are [[Lutheranism]], [[Anglicanism]] and the [[Reformed faith]]. Smaller Protestant denominations include [[Anabaptists]] as well as denominations centered in the [[United States]] such as [[Pentecostalism]], [[Methodism]], and [[Evangelical Protestants|Evangelicalism]]. Although Christianity originated in the Middle East, its centre of mass shifted to Europe when it [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|became the official religion of the Roman Empire]] in the late 4th century. [[Christianity]] played [[Role of Christianity in civilization|a prominent role in the development]] of the [[European culture]] and [[European identity|identity]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Byrnes|first1=Timothy A.|last2=Katzenstein|first2=Peter J.|title=Religion in an Expanding Europe|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521676519|pages=110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917–1957|last1=Hewitson|first1=Mark|last2=D’Auria|first2=Matthew|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2012|isbn=9780857457271|page=243|location=New York; Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Orthodoxy and Islam|first=Archimandrite|last=Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos|year=2017|isbn=9781315297927|page=16|publisher=Taylor & Francis|quote=Christianity has undoubtedly shaped European identity, culture, destiny, and history.}}</ref> Today, a bit over 25% of the world's Christians live in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pew Research Center |date=2011-12-19 |title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Islam]] is the second most popular religion in Europe. Over 25 million, or roughly 5% of the population, adhere to it.<ref name="pewresearch.org" /> In [[Albania]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], two countries in the [[Balkan peninsula]] in Southeastern Europe, Islam instead of Christianity is the majority religion. This is also the case in [[Turkey]] and in [[Islam in Russia|certain parts of Russia]], as well as in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Kazakhstan]], all of which are at the border to Asia.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{citation |last=Hackett |first=Conrad |title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe |date=29 November 2017 |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/ |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817033409/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many countries in Europe are home to a sizeable Muslim minority, and [[immigration to Europe]] has increased the number of Muslim people in Europe in recent years.

The [[Judaism|Jewish]] population in Europe was about 1.4 million people in 2020 (about 0.2% of the population).<ref name="auto" /> There is a long [[History of the Jews in Europe|history of Jewish life in Europe]], beginning in antiquity. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire had the majority of the world's Jews living within its borders.<ref>''[[The Pittsburgh Press]]'', October 25, 1915, p. 11</ref> In 1897, according to [[Russian Empire Census|Russian census of 1897]], the total Jewish population of Russia was 5.1 million people, which was 4.13% of total population. Of this total, the vast majority lived within the [[Pale of Settlement]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grosfeld|first1=Irena|last2=Rodnyansky|first2=Alexander|last3=Zhuravskaya|first3=Ekaterina|title=Persistent Antimarket Culture: A Legacy of the Pale of Settlement after the Holocaust|journal=American Economic Journal: Economic Policy|date=August 2013|volume=5|number=3|pages=189–226|publisher=[[American Economic Association]]|doi=10.1257/pol.5.3.189 |jstor=43189345}}</ref> In 1933, there were about 9.5 million Jewish people in Europe, representing 1.7% of the population,<ref>{{Cite web |last=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-population-of-europe-in-1933-population-data-by-country |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> but most were killed, and most of the rest displaced, during [[The Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=2020-10-25 |title=Europe's Jewish population has dropped 60% in last 50 years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/25/europes-jewish-population-has-dropped-60-in-last-50-years |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=The Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |title=The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> In the 21st century, [[France]] has the largest [[Jewish population]] in Europe, followed by the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="Survey" />

Other religions practiced in Europe include [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], which are minority religions, except in Russia's [[Republic of Kalmykia]], where Tibetan Buddhism is the majority religion.

A large and increasing number of people in Europe are [[irreligion|irreligious]], [[atheism|atheist]] and [[agnosticism|agnostic]]. They are estimated to make up about 18.3% of Europe's population currently.<ref name="Survey" />

===Major cities and urban areas===
{{further|List of European cities by population within city limits}}

The three largest [[List of urban areas in Europe|urban areas of Europe]] are [[Moscow]], [[London]] and [[Paris]]. All have over 10 million residents,<ref name="UN WUP 2016">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2016|url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=11|date=2016|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001173328/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and as such have been described as [[megacity|megacities]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Istanbul one of four anchor megacities of Europe: Research|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-one-of-four-anchor-megacities-of-europe-research--92496|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=14 December 2015|language=en|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319194120/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-one-of-four-anchor-megacities-of-europe-research--92496|url-status=live}}</ref> While [[Istanbul]] has the highest total city population, it lies partly in [[Asia]]. 64.9% of the residents live on the European side and 35.1% on the Asian side.
The next largest cities in order of population are [[Madrid]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Milan]], [[Barcelona]], [[Berlin]], and [[Rome]] each having over three million residents.<ref name="UN WUP 2016" />

When considering the commuter belts or [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe|metropolitan areas within Europe]] (for which comparable data is available), Moscow covers the largest population, followed in order by Istanbul, London, Paris, Madrid, Milan, Ruhr Area, Saint Petersburg, Rhein-Süd, Barcelona and Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|access-date=10 September 2020|website=www.citypopulation.de|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = square
| caption_align     = center
| header            = European [[Megacity|megacities]]
| header_align      = left/right/center
| image1            = Business Centre of Moscow 2.jpg
| width1            = 200
| alt1              = Moscow International Business Center
| caption1          = [[Moscow]]
| image2            = Super moon over City of London from Tate Modern 2018-01-31 4.jpg
| alt2              = City of London
| width2            = 237
| caption2          = [[London]]
| image3            = GrandeArche.jpg
| alt3              =
| width3            = 230
| caption3          = [[Paris]]
| image4            = View of Levent financial district from Istanbul Sapphire.jpg
| alt4              = Levent
| width4            = 189
| caption4          = [[Istanbul]]{{ref label|footnote_b|b}}
}}